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Population abundance and trends of Saltmarsh (Ammodramus caudacutus) and Nelson’s (A. nelsoni) Sparrows: influence of sea levels and precipitation

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Abstract

Evidence of biological responses to climate change continues to grow. Long-term monitoring programs are critical in documenting these changes as well as identifying the primary stressors that may influence a species’ ability to adapt to changing climate. Eastern North American salt marshes support the greatest number of endemic salt marsh vertebrates globally, two of which are sympatric from southern Maine to northern Massachusetts, USA. Saltmarsh Sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus), listed ‘vulnerable’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), have a restricted global breeding range that occurs in salt marshes from Maine to Virginia, USA. Nelson’s Sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni) breed in salt marshes from Massachusetts north to the Canadian Maritime Provinces and west to the prairie pothole regions of central Canada. These taxa hybridize in sympatry which may affect how these taxa respond to changing habitat quality and availability caused by climate change. We present the first estimates of the effects of sea level rise, breeding season precipitation, and salt marsh patch size on the abundance and population trends for three groups: (1) Saltmarsh Sparrows, (2) Nelson’s Sparrows, and (3) all Sharp-tailed Sparrows [the combined population of both species including hybrids]. We used 14 years of population monitoring data (2000–2013) from nine saltmarshes within the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, Maine, USA. We detected a declining trend for Saltmarsh Sparrow (i.e., significant decline, but not significantly more than 5 % per year), stable trends for Nelson’s Sparrows and for all Sharp-tailed Sparrows (i.e., no significant increase or decrease over the time period). Abundances for the three sparrow groups varied among years and marsh units. Drier years with relatively low mean sea levels had the greatest abundances. Breeding season precipitation negatively influenced population trends for Saltmarsh and Nelson’s Sparrows and mean sea level had a negative effect on Saltmarsh Sparrow population trends. Our results indicate that Saltmarsh Sparrow, the species most specialized to salt marshes, has declined which may be indicative of broader, regional patterns. The negative relationships of mean sea level and precipitation with Saltmarsh Sparrow population trends suggest that the negative effects of increasing nest flooding may be having demographic-level effects on this local population. Analyses of other salt marsh bird long-term monitoring programs are warranted to determine if this pattern is consistent in other portions of the Saltmarsh Sparrow range.

Zusammenfassung

Populationsabundanz und Trends bei Spitzschwanz- ( Ammodramus caudacutus) und Nelsonammer ( A. nelsoni) : Einfluss von Meeresspiegel und Niederschlag Nachweise biologischer Reaktionen auf den Klimawandel nehmen weiter zu. Langzeit-Monitoring Programme sind von entscheidender Bedeutung, um sowohl diese Änderungen zu identifizieren, als auch die wesentlichen Stressoren, die einen Einfluss haben auf die Fähigkeit einer Art, sich an das sich verändernde Klima anzupassen. Die Salzmarschen im östlichen Nordamerika beheimaten die größte Anzahl endemischer Vertebraten in Salzmarschen weltweit. Davon sind zwei Arten sympatrisch von Süd-Maine bis ins nördliche Massachusetts, USA. Die Spitzschwanz-Ammer (Ammodramus caudacutus), von der IUCN als ‘vulnerable’ – gefährdet – eingestuft, besitzt einen weltweit eingeschränktes Brutareal in den Salzmarschen von Maine – Virginia, USA. Die Nelsonammer (A. nelsoni) brütet in Salzmarschen von Massachusetts bis nördlich in die kanadischen Seeprovinzen und westlich in die Prärie-Regionen Zentralkanadas. Diese Taxa hybridisieren in sympatrischen Gebieten, was einen Einfluss darauf haben könnte, wie diese Taxa auf sich verändernde Habitatqualität und -verfügbarkeit durch Klimawandel reagieren. Wir stellen die ersten Abschätzungen vor über die Wirkung des Anstiegs des Meeresspiegels, des Niederschlags während der Brutzeit und der Patch-Größe der Salzmarsch auf Abundanz und Populationstrends von drei Gruppen: (1) der Spitzschwanzammer, (2) der Nelsonammer und (3) beider Arten zusammen betrachtet, inklusive ihrer Hybride. Wir verwendeten Daten aus 14 Jahren Populationsmonitoring (2000–2013) in neun Salzmarschen innerhalb des Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge in Maine, USA. Wir fanden einen fallenden Trend für die Spitzschwanz-Ammer (d.h. eine signifikante Abnahme, aber nicht mehr als 5 % pro Jahr), stabile Trends für sowohl Nelsonammer als auch die gesamte Gruppe aus beiden Arten und Hybriden (d.h. kein signifikanter Anstieg oder Abfall im betrachteten Zeitraum). Die Abundanz für die drei Gruppen von Ammern unterschied sich von Jahr zu Jahr und von Gebiet zu Gebiet in den untersuchten Marschen. Trockenere Jahre mit relativ niedrigem mittlerem Meeresspiegel hatten die größten Abundanzen. Niederschläge während der Brutzeit beeinflussten den Populationstrend negativ für Spitzschwanz- und Nelsonammer, und die mittlere Höhe des Meeresspiegels hatte einen negativen Einfluss auf die Populationstrends der Spitzschwanzammer. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Spitzschwanzammer, die am meisten an Salzmarschen angepasste Art, abgenommen hat, was einen Hinweis auf weiterreichende regionale Muster geben könnte. Der negative Zusammenhang zwischen mittlerem Meeresspiegel und Niederschlag auf der einen und dem Populationstrend der Spitzschwanzammer auf der anderen Seite deutet darauf hin, dass der negative Einfluss von zunehmender Überflutung von Nestern einen demographischen Effekt habe könnte innerhalb dieser lokalen Population. Analysen aus anderen Monitoringprogrammen von Vögeln der Salzmarschen sind notwendig, um festzustellen, ob sich dieses Muster konsistent in anderen Gegenden des Verbreitungsgebiets der Salzmarsch-Ammern zeigt.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jan Taylor, Graham Taylor, and Ward Feurt for providing long-term financial, administrative, logistical, and continued support for salt marsh bird monitoring at Rachel Carson NWR. Without their continued support and initiation of the project, this monitoring program would not exist. We would like to thank Marcy Putney, Nancy Williams, James Panaccione, Carlos Guindon, Brian C. Harris, Angeline Chessey, and Chris Jacques, who worked long hours in the field to collect these data and are warmly acknowledged. Funding was provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5, Division of Natural Resources, National Wildlife Refuge System. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of US Fish and Wildlife Service.

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Correspondence to W. Gregory Shriver.

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Communicated by C. Barbraud.

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Shriver, W.G., O’Brien, K.M., Ducey, M.J. et al. Population abundance and trends of Saltmarsh (Ammodramus caudacutus) and Nelson’s (A. nelsoni) Sparrows: influence of sea levels and precipitation. J Ornithol 157, 189–200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1266-6

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