Skip to main content
Log in

Bacteria on nestling skin in relation to growth in pied flycatchers

  • Short Note
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The association between skin bacterial communities and nestling growth is poorly understood. We estimated the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria on skin of nestlings and their association with growth in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. At two different nestling ages, we swabbed a delimited area of the naked belly skin of nestlings and measured them. Skin bacterial loads on day 13, but not on day 7, were positively associated with brood size and with nestling wing length. Larger broods develop in less hygienic conditions, which may stimulate bacterial growth. Skin bacteria may favor wing feather growth through competition with harmful bacteria, or faster feather growth may facilitate bacterial growth through the accumulation of remains on the skin surrounding growing feathers.

Zusammenfassung

Das verhältnis zwischen hautbakterien und wachstum bei nestlingen des trauerschnäppers

Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Hautbakteriengemeinschaften und dem Wachstum von Nestlingen sind bisher kaum bekannt. Wir bestimmten die Häufigkeit heterotropher Bakterien auf der Haut von Nestlingen und deren Verbindung mit dem Wachstum bei Trauerschnäppern Ficedula hypoleuca. Dazu wurden die Nestlinge in zwei verschiedenen Altersstadien gemessen und gleichzeitig ein Abstrich von einer definierten Stelle der nackten Bauchhaut genommen. Die Besiedlung der Haut mit Bakterien am 13., nicht jedoch am 7. Lebenstag, zeigte einen positiven Zusammenhang mit der Brutgröße sowie mit der Flügellänge der Nestlinge. Größere Bruten entwickeln sich unter weniger hygienischen Bedingungen, was das Bakterienwachstum begünstigen könnte. Hautbakterien könnten durch Konkurrenz mit schädlichen Bakterien das Wachstum der Schwungfedern begünstigen; alternativ könnte ein schnelleres Federwachstum durch die Ansammlung von Hautresten rund um wachsende Federn die Bakterienvermehrung fördern.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  • Berger S, Disko R, Gwinner H (2003) Bacteria in starling nests. J Ornithol 144:317–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtt EH, Ichida JM (1999) Occurrence of feather-degrading bacilli in the plumage of birds. Auk 116:364–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantarero A, López-Arrabé J, Redondo AJ, Moreno J (2013) Behavioural responses to ectoparasites in pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca: an experimental study. J Avian Biol 44:591–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton DH (1999) Feather-busting bacteria. Auk 116:302–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn E (1976) The relationship between brood size and age of effective homeothermy in nestling house wrens. Wilson Bull 88:478–482

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Braojos S, Vela AI, Ruiz-de-Castañeda R, Briones V, Cantarero A, Moreno J (2012) Is nestling growth affected by nest reuse and skin bacteria in pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca? Acta Ornithol 47:119–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwinner H, Berger S (2005) European starlings: nestling condition, parasites and green nest material during the breeding season. J Ornithol 146:365–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg A, Alatalo RV (1992) The pied flycatcher. Academic, London

  • Martín-Platero AM, Valdivia E, Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Soler JJ, Martín-Vivaldi M, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M (2006) Characterization of antimicrobial substances produced by Enterococcus faecalis MRR 10-3, isolated from the uropygial gland of the hoopoe Upupa epops. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:4245–4249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muza MM, Burtt EH, Ichida JM (2000) Distribution of bacteria on feathers of some eastern North American birds. Wilson Bull 112:432–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor RJ (1984) The growth and development of birds. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-de-Castañeda R, Burtt EH, González-Braojos S, Moreno J (2012) Bacterial degradability of an intrafeather unmelanized ornament: a role for feather-degrading bacteria in sexual selection? Biol J Linn Soc 105:409–419

  • Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Valdivia E, Soler JJ, Martín-Vivaldi M, Martín-Platero AM, Martínez-Bueno M (2009) Symbiotic bacteria living in the hoopoe’s uropygial gland prevent feather degradation. J Exp Biol 212:3621–3626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler JJ, Martín-Vivaldi M, Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Valdivia E, Martín-Platero AM, Martínez-Bueno M, Peralta-Sánchez JM, Méndez M (2008) Symbiotic association between hoopoes and antibiotic-producing bacteria that live in their uropygial gland. Funct Ecol 22:864–871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM, Ricklefs RE (1998) Avian growth and development. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was financed by projects CGL2007-6125 and CGL2010-19233-C03-02 to JM from Spanish MICINN. SG-B and AC were supported by FPI and FPU grants from MICINN and MECD, respectively, and RR-d-C was supported by a JAE-CSIC grant. We were legally authorized to ring and measure nestlings by Consejería de Medio Ambiente de Castilla y León and by J. Donés, Director of “Centro Montes de Valsaín” to work in the study area. We thank S. Merino and J. Rivero-de Aguilar for collaboration in the field. We thank the group DICM-VISAVET for their help with laboratory work. This paper is a result of the agreement between JM and VISAVET-UCM.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sonia González-Braojos.

Additional information

Communicated by K. C. Klasing.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

González-Braojos, S., Vela, A.I., Ruiz-de-Castañeda, R. et al. Bacteria on nestling skin in relation to growth in pied flycatchers. J Ornithol 156, 327–330 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1100-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1100-6

Keywords

Navigation