Abstract
Aquatic plants are a biological group sharing several adaptations to aquatic conditions. The most striking evolutionary convergence in this group is the extensive reliance on clonal reproduction, which largely determines the patterns and process of evolution in aquatic plants. Utricularia australis f. tenuicaulis is a free-floating aquatic bladderwort that reproduces both sexually via seeds and clonally via turions and shoot fragments. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was conducted on 267 ramets collected from 30 populations in Japan. The genotypic diversity within populations was extremely low, regardless of the geographical distribution range: the mean number of genotypes per population (G) was 1.4 and the mean genotypic diversity (D), including monoclonal populations, was 0.17. In contrast to the predominance of a few clones within populations, many of the populations investigated had different genotypes; a large portion of the genetic variation was explained by variation among populations. Character compatibility analysis clearly revealed that somatic mutations did not contribute to the origin of genotypic diversity in this aquatic bladderwort; instead, rare-to-sporadic sexual reproduction probably generated new genotypes. Thus, future studies should examine the role of sexual reproduction in this species from the viewpoint of long-term evolutionary benefits.
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Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the helpful advice of Dr. Satoru Araki, Research Center for Coastal Lagoon Environments, Shimane University, and Prof. Yasuro Kadono, Faculty of Science, Kobe University. We are also grateful to Mr. Masahiro Toyama, Ebetsu City, Hokkaido; Mr. Shigeru Uematsu, Sapporo City, Hokkaido; Mrs. Kazuko Oita, Sapporo City, Hokkaido; Mr. Kazuyoshi Katsumata, Sapporo City, Hokkaido; Mr. Seikoh Iwamura, Saga City, Saga Prefecture; Mr. Noriyuki Sanemitsu, Kozan Town, Hiroshima Prefecture; Prof. Sadashi Komiya, Department of Biology, Nippon Dental University; and Prof. Michiko Shimoda, College of Environment and Disaster Research, Fuji Tokoha University, for helpful information. We also thank Dr. Yoshihisa Suyama, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, for his technical advice about AFLP analysis. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology for the 21st Century Center of Excellence Program (E-01) and from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for Scientific Research (15370006 and 16370007) and Research Fellowships for Young Scientists.
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Kameyama, Y., Ohara, M. Predominance of clonal reproduction, but recombinant origins of new genotypes in the free-floating aquatic bladderwort Utricularia australis f. tenuicaulis (Lentibulariaceae). J Plant Res 119, 357–362 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-006-0282-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-006-0282-2