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Long Term Performance of Hydrogeochemical Riverine Mine Tailings Deposition at Freeport Indonesia

Langzeitleistungsverhalten der alluvialen Deponierung von Aufbereitungsabgängen der Freeport Mine in Papua, Indonesien

Comportamiento de largo plazo del depósito hidrogeoquímico de colas fluviales de minas en Freeport Indonesia

印尼巴布亚岛(Papua)河流尾矿沉积处理的长期水文地球化学特征

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Abstract

Steep terrain, intense rainfall, and seismic activity precluded use of conventional tailings storage facilities at the PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI) copper–gold mine, in Papua, Indonesia. A controlled river tailings system was adopted as the only feasible way to manage the tailings. The tailings are transported to an engineered 230 km2 deposition area, which is bounded by levees on the east and west sides and is open on the south side to allow transport water and surges of rainfall to exit the area. We evaluated the performance of the ore-fed blending strategy for managing potential acid rock drainage formation of the tailings. Long-term leaching column tests and monitoring of deposited tailings provided insight on the reactivity, leaching behaviours, and neutralizing potential of the samples, and the ratio of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC): maximum potential acidity (MPA) that would ensure that the deposited tailings remain non-acid forming. We concluded that an ANC/MPA ratio >1.5 provides an adequate factor of safety to prevent acid generation and ensure long-term geochemical stability of the deposited tailings.

Zusammenfassung

Steile Hänge, enge Täler, hohe Niederschläge und häufige Erdbeben verhindern den Betrieb konventioneller Absetzbecken für die Aufbereitungsabgänge der Grasberg Kupfer-Goldmine (PT Freeport, Indonesien). Die einzige Möglichkeit, die Abgänge handzuhaben, war die kontrollierte Einspülung in eine Flußebene. Dafür wurde eine Fläche von 230 km2 durch seitliche Schutzdämme im Osten und Westen eingegrenzt. Nach Süden ist das System offen, um dem Spülwasser und Hochwässern das Abfließen zu ermöglichen. Die Wirksamkeit einer Mischungsstrategie zur Vermeidung der Bildung von sauren Wässern in den Ablagerungen wurde mittels Langzeituntersuchungen im Labor durch Säulentests und im Ablagerungsbereich überprüft. Reaktivität, Laugungsverhalten und Neutralisierungspotential von Proben wurde bestimmt. Das Ziel war, jenes Verhältnis von Neutralisierungspotential (ANC) zur maximalen Säureproduktion (MPA) der Proben zu definieren, das eine Säurebildung in den abgelagerten Aufbereitungsabgängen zuverlässig verhindert. Wir kamen zu dem Schluß, daß ein ANC/MPA-Verhältnis von > 1,5 ein ausreichender Sicherheitsfaktor gegen Säurebildung ist und daß damit eine langfristige geochemische Stabilität der Abgänge gesichert ist.

Resumen

Terreno escarpado, lluvias intensas y actividad sísmica impiden el uso del almacenamiento de las colas de un modo convencional en la mina de oro-cobre en PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI), Papua, Indonesia. Un sistema de colas controladas por ríos fue adoptado como el único camino factible para manejar las colas. Las colas fueron transportadas a un área de depósito de 230 km2, que está cercado por diques sobre los lados este y oeste y está abierto hacia el lado sur para permitir el transporte de agua y posibles excesos de lluvias para evacuar el área. Hemos evaluados el comportamiento de la estrategia de mezclas con mineral para manejar la potencial generación de drenaje ácido de roca desde las colas. Los estudios de lixiviación a largo plazo y monitoreo de colas depositadas otorgó información sobre la reactividad, los comportamientos frente a la lixiviación, el potencial neutralizante de las muestras y la relación entre la máxima capacidad de neutralización (ANC) y el máximo potencial de acidificación (MPA), que garantizaría que las colas depositadas se mantengan como no generadoras de ácido. Se ha concluido que una relación ANC/MPA ratio mayor que 1,5 otorga un adecuado factor de seguridad para prevenir la generación ácida y garantizar una estabilidad geoquímica de largo plazo a las colas depositadas.

抽象

印尼巴布亚岛(Papua)地形陡峭、降雨强烈和地震频繁的自然地理特征使PTFI (PT Freeport Indonesia) 铜-金矿不宜利用常规的尾矿储存设施处理尾矿。控制性河流尾矿处理系统(controlled river tailings system)是PTFI处理尾矿的唯一办法。尾矿被输送至面积230 km2的处理场,处理场东、西侧为堤坝包围,南侧为尾矿传输水和降雨洪水流出通道。文章研究了矿物输入-混合处理法控制尾矿产酸潜力的过程。尾矿沉积样品的长期淋溶柱体试验及监测揭示了尾矿沉积样品的化学反应、淋滤行为及中和势特征,所求酸中和能力(ANC)与最大潜在酸度(MPA)比值可用以控制尾矿沉积物产酸能力。结论:当ANC/MPA比大于1.5时,尾矿不产酸,尾矿沉积保持长期地球化学稳定性。.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank PT Freeport Indonesia for their financial support of this project.

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Correspondence to Yuni Rusdinar.

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Rusdinar, Y., Edraki, M., Baumgartl, T. et al. Long Term Performance of Hydrogeochemical Riverine Mine Tailings Deposition at Freeport Indonesia. Mine Water Environ 32, 56–70 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-012-0212-6

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