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Killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation in a multi-prey system

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Population Ecology

Abstract

Predation can regulate prey numbers but predator behaviour in multiple-prey systems can complicate understanding of control mechanisms. We investigate killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation in an ocean system where multiple marine mammal prey coexist. Using stochastic models with Monte-Carlo simulations, we test the most likely outcome of predator selection and compare scenarios where killer whales: (1) focus predation on larger prey which presumably offer more energy per effort, (2) generalize by feeding on prey as encountered during searches, or (3) follow a mixed foraging strategy based on a combination of encounter rate and prey size selection. We test alternative relationships within the Hudson Bay geographic region, where evidence suggests killer whales seasonally concentrate feeding activities on the large-bodied bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). However, model results indicate that killer whales do not show strong prey specialization and instead alternatively feed on narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) whales early and late in the ice-free season. Evidence does support the conjecture that during the peak of the open water season, killer whale predation can differ regionally and feeding techniques can focus on bowhead whale prey. The mixed foraging strategy used by killer whales includes seasonal predator specialization and has management and conservation significance since killer whale predation may not be constrained by a regulatory functional response.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Nunavut Implementation Fund, National Science Data Management Committee, Species at Risk Act funding), Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, Canadian Federal Program Office International Polar Year—Global Warming and Arctic Marine Mammals, and NSERC Discovery Grant and PGS scholarship for SHF and JWH respectively. Sightings and traditional knowledge were provided by a large number of people, too numerous to name individually. We thank K. Westdal for conducting many of the semi-directed interviews in Nunavut communities and the Orcas of the Canadian Arctic group of volunteers for considerable discussion, advice and assistance. Several individuals also provided helpful discussion and review, including P. Richard, R. Stewart, L Barrett-Lennard, J. Ford, and the journal editor and three anonymous reviewers.

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  1. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada

    Steven H. Ferguson & Jeff W. Higdon

  2. Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada

    Steven H. Ferguson & Jeff W. Higdon

  3. P.O. Box No 3, 3300-357, São Martinho da Cortiça, Portugal

    Michael C. S. Kingsley

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  1. Steven H. Ferguson
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Correspondence to Steven H. Ferguson.

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Ferguson, S.H., Kingsley, M.C.S. & Higdon, J.W. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation in a multi-prey system. Popul Ecol 54, 31–41 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-011-0284-3

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