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A numerical investigation of pumping-test responses from contiguous aquifers

Une étude numérique des réponses d’essais de pompage d’aquifères contigus

Una investigación numérica de las respuestas de los ensayos de bombeo en acuíferos contiguos

连续含水层对抽水试验响应的数值调查

Investigação numérica das respostas de testes de bombeamento para aquíferos contínuos

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Abstract

Adequate groundwater management requires models capable of representing the heterogeneous nature of aquifers. A key point is the theoretical knowledge of flow behaviour in various heterogeneous archetypal conditions, using analytically or numerically based models. This study numerically investigates transient pressure transfers between linearly contiguous homogeneous domains with non-equal hydraulic properties, optionally separated by a conductive fault. Responses to pumping are analysed in terms of time-variant flow dimension, n. Two radial stages are predicted (n: 2 – 2) with a positive or negative vertical offset depending of the transmissivity ratio between domains. A transitional n = 4 segment occurs when the non-pumped domain is more transmissive (n: 2 – 4 – 2), and a fractional flow segment occurs when the interface is a fault (n: 2 – 4 – 1.5 – 2). The hydrodynamics are generally governed by the transmissivity ratio; the storativity ratio impact is limited. The drawdown log-derivative late stabilization, recorded at any well, does not tend to reflect the local transmissivity but rather the higher transmissivity region, possibly distant and blind, as it predominantly supplies groundwater to the well. This study provides insights on the behaviour of non-uniform aquifers and on theoretical responses that can aid practitioners to detect such conditions in nature.

Résumé

Une gestion adéquate des eaux souterraines requiert des modèles capables de représenter la nature hétérogène des aquifères. Un point clef est la connaissance théorique du comportement de l’écoulement dans des conditions variées d’hétérogénéité, en utilisant des modèles analytiques ou numériques. Cette étude explore du point de vue numérique les transferts de pression entre des domaines hétérogènes linéairement contigus avec des propriétés hydrauliques non-égales, séparées de manière optionnelle par une faille conductrice. Les réponses au pompage sont analysées en termes de dimension d’écoulement, n, variant dans le temps. Deux stades de rayon sont prédits (n: 2 – 2) avec un décalage vertical positif ou négatif en fonction du rapport de transmissivité entre les domaines. Un segment transitoire correspondant à n = 4 se produit lorsque le domaine non pompé est plus transmissif (n: 2 – 4 – 2), et qu’un segment d’écoulement fractionnel prend place lorsque l’interface est une faille (n: 2 – 4 – 1.5 – 2). L’hydrodynamique est généralement gouvernée par le rapport de transmissivité ; l’impact du rapport du coefficient d’emmagasinement est limité. La stabilisation tardive de la dérivée logarithmique du rabattement du niveau piézométrique, enregistrée dans n’importe quel puits, n’a pas tendance à refléter la transmissivité locale mais plutôt la région de transmissivité supérieure, éventuellement éloignée et aveugle, car elle fournit de manière prédominante l’eau souterraine au puits. Cette étude fournit des informations sur le comportement des aquifères non uniformes et sur les réponses théoriques qui peuvent aider les professionnels à détecter de telles conditions dans la nature.

Resumen

Una gestión adecuada del agua subterránea requiere modelos capaces de representar la naturaleza heterogénea de los acuíferos. Un punto clave es el conocimiento teórico del comportamiento del flujo en diversas condiciones arquetípicas heterogéneas, utilizando modelos analíticos o numéricos. Este estudio investiga numéricamente las transferencias de presión transitoria entre dominios homogéneos linealmente contiguos con propiedades hidráulicas no iguales, opcionalmente separadas por una falla conductora. Las respuestas al bombeo se analizan en términos de la dimensión del flujo variante en el tiempo, n. Se predicen dos etapas radiales (n: 2 – 2) con un desplazamiento vertical positivo o negativo dependiendo de la relación de la transmisividad entre dominios. Un segmento de transición n = 4 se produce cuando el dominio no bombeado es más transmisivo (n: 2 – 4 – 2), y un segmento de flujo fraccional ocurre cuando la interfaz es una falla (n: 2 – 4 – 1.5 – 2). La hidrodinámica está generalmente gobernada por la relación de transmisividad; el impacto de la relación de almacenamiento es limitado. La estabilización tardía de la derivación logarítmica registrada en cualquier pozo no tiende a reflejar la transmisividad local, sino más bien la transmisividad más alta de la región, posiblemente distante y ciega, ya que suministra predominantemente agua subterránea al pozo. Este estudio proporciona información sobre el comportamiento de los acuíferos no uniformes y sobre las respuestas teóricas que pueden ayudar a los profesionales a detectar tales condiciones en la naturaleza.

摘要

适当的地下水管理需要能够展示含水层异质特性的模型。关键要点就是利用基于解析和数值的模型掌握各种异质原型条件下水流习性的理论知识。本研究从数值上调查了由传导断层随意分开的、具有非均等水力特性的线性连续均质域之间的瞬时压力转移。根据时间变量水流维n分析了对抽水的响应。用一个正的或者负的垂直补偿预测了两个径向阶段(n: 2 – 2),用正的或者负的垂直补偿取决于域之间的导水系数比值。当非抽水域透水性更强时(n: 2 – 4 – 2),就会出现过渡的n = 4段,当界面是断层时(n: 2 – 4 – 1.5 – 2),就会出现分数流段。水动力特性通常受导水系数比值控制;释水系数比值有限。任何井记录的水位下降录井--派生的后期稳定性并不反映局部导水系数,而是反映具有较高导水系数的区域,可能是更遥远的区域及导水系数不明的区域,因为这些区域向井供水。本研究提供了非均一含水层习性及理论上响应方面的认识,这些认识可以帮助研究人员从本质上发现这样的状况。

Resumo

Um gerenciamento adequado das águas subterrâneas requer modelos capazes de representar a natureza heterogênea dos aquíferos. O ponto chave é o conhecimento teórico do comportamento do fluxo em várias condições arquetípicas heterogêneas, usando modelos analíticos ou numéricos. Este estudo investiga numericamente a transferência de pressão transitória entre domínios homogêneos linearmente contínuos com propriedades hidráulicas variadas, opcionalmente separado por uma falha condutora. Respostas do bombeamento são analisadas em termos da dimensão de variação temporal do fluxo, n. São previstos dois estágios radiais (n: 2 – 2) com uma compensação positiva ou negativa dependendo da proporção da transmissividade entre os domínios. Um segmento transicional n = 4 ocorre quando o domínio não bombeado é mais transmissivo (n: 2 – 4 – 2), e um segmento de fluxo fracionado ocorre quando a interface é uma falha (n: 2 – 4 – 1.5 – 2). As hidrodinâmicas geralmente são governadas pela proporção da transmissividade; o impacto da capacidade de armazenamento é limitado. A estabilização tardia do rebaixamento derivado logarítmico, registrada em qualquer poço, não tende a refletir a transmissividade local, mas preferivelmente a região de maior transmissividade, possivelmente distante e imperceptível, uma vez que fornece predominantemente água subterrânea ao poço. Este estudo proporciona conhecimento sobre o comportamento de aquíferos heterogêneos e respostas teóricas que podem auxiliar profissionais a detectar tais condições na natureza.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC - individual discovery grants program) and the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT- new university researchers start-up program) grant programs held by Prof. Romain Chesnaux for their financial contribution in supporting this study. The manuscript benefited from fruitful review by R. Beauheim and an anonymous associate editor. The manuscript was kindly checked by Josée Kaufmann.

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Rafini, S., Chesnaux, R. & Ferroud, A. A numerical investigation of pumping-test responses from contiguous aquifers. Hydrogeol J 25, 877–894 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1560-x

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