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Estimating hydraulic properties from tidal attenuation in the Northern Guam Lens Aquifer, territory of Guam, USA

Etablissement des propriétés hydrauliques d’après l’atténuation de la marée dans l’Aquifère Lenticulaire du Nord de Guam, Territoire de Guam, USA

Charakterisierung der regionalen Grundwasserleitereigenschaften durch Gezeitenbeeinflusste Grundwasserschwankungen in Nord Guam (Pazifischer Ozean), USA

Estimación de las propiedades hidráulicas a partir de la atenuación de la marea en el acuífero Northern Guam Lens, Territorio de Guam, EEUU

利用潮汐衰减来评估水力学性质:以美国关岛的北关岛透镜体含水层为例

Estimativa de propriedades hidráulicas a partir da atenuação de marés no Aquífero Lenticular do Norte de Guam, Território de Guam, EUA

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Abstract

Tidal-signal attenuations are analyzed to compute hydraulic diffusivities and estimate regional hydraulic conductivities of the Northern Guam Lens Aquifer, Territory of Guam (Pacific Ocean), USA. The results indicate a significant tidal-damping effect at the coastal boundary. Hydraulic diffusivities computed using a simple analytical solution for well responses to tidal forcings near the periphery of the island are two orders of magnitude lower than for wells in the island’s interior. Based on assigned specific yields of ∼0.01–0.4, estimated hydraulic conductivities are ∼20–800 m/day for peripheral wells, and ∼2,000–90,000 m/day for interior wells. The lower conductivity of the peripheral rocks relative to the interior rocks may best be explained by the effects of karst evolution: (1) dissolutional enhancement of horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the interior; (2) case-hardening and concurrent reduction of local hydraulic conductivity in the cliffs and steeply inclined rocks of the periphery; and (3) the stronger influence of higher-conductivity regional-scale features in the interior relative to the periphery. A simple numerical model calibrated with measured water levels and tidal response estimates values for hydraulic conductivity and storage parameters consistent with the analytical solution. The study demonstrates how simple techniques can be useful for characterizing regional aquifer properties.

Résumé

Les atténuations du signal de la marée sont analysées pour évaluer les diffusivités et les conductivités hydrauliques régionales de l’Aquifère Lenticulaire du Nord de Guam (Océan Pacifique), USA. Les résultats indiquent un effet d’atténuation significatif de la marée en limite de la cote. Les diffusivités hydrauliques calculées en utilisant une solution analytique simple pour la réponse des puits à la pression de la marée près de la périphérie de l’île ont des amplitudes d’ordre de grandeur deux fois plus faibles à la périphérie qu’à l’intérieur. Sur la base d’une porosité efficace standard de ∼0.01–0.4, les conductivités hydrauliques estimées sont de ∼20–800 m/j d’après les puits de la périphérie et de ∼2,000–90,000 m/j pour d’après les puits de l’intérieur. La conductivité plus basse des roches de la périphérie comparativement à l’intérieur peut être expliquée pour le mieux par les effets de l’évolution du karst:(1) accroissement par dissolution de la conductivité hydraulique à l’intérieur; (2) induration de surface et réduction concomitante de la conductivité hydraulique locale dans les falaises et les formations rocheuses fortement pentées de la périphérie; et (3) à l’échelle régionale, influence plus forte d’une conductivité supérieure à l’intérieur comparativement à la périphérie. Un modèle numérique simple, calé sur les niveaux d’eau mesurés et les réponses à la marée, fournit des valeurs de la conductivité hydraulique et des paramètres d’emmagasinement, cohérentes avec la solution analytique. L’étude démontre que des techniques simples peuvent être utiles pour caractériser les propriétés d’un aquifère régional.

Zusammenfassung

Gezeitenbeeinflusste Grundwasserschwankungen werden analysiert, um die hydraulische Diffusivität und die regionalen hydraulische Leitfähigkeiten des Grundwasserleiters in Nord Guam (Pazifischer Ozean), USA, zu berechnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Einfluss der Gezeitensignaldämpfung an der Küste. Hydraulische Diffusivität wurde mit einer einfachen analytische Lösung für gezeitenbeeinflusste Brunnen berechnet und ist zwei Größenordnungen niedriger in Brunnen entlang der Küste als in solchen im Inneren der Insel. Basierend auf zugeordneten Werten für Spezifischen Ertrag von ∼0.01–0.4, die geschätzten hydraulischen Leitfähigkeiten sind ∼20–800 m/tag für Brunnen entlang der Küste und ∼2,000–90,000 m/tag für Brunnen im Inland. Die niedrigere Leitfähigkeit der küstenahen Gesteinen im Verhältnis zu den Gesteinen im Inland kann am besten durch die Auswirkungen der Karst Entwicklung erklärt werden: (1) lösungsbedingte Steigerung der horizontalen hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit im Inland, (2) Verhärtung und gleichzeitige Reduzierung der lokalen hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit in den Klippen und steil geneigten Felsen der Peripherie und (3) stärkerer Einfluss der höheren Leitfähigkeit in regionalen Charakteristika im Inneren relativ zu der Peripherie. Ein einfaches numerisches Modell kalibriert mit gemessenen Wasserstände und Gezeitenschwankungen in Brunnen schätzt Werte für hydraulische Leitfähigkeit und Speicherkoeffizient im Einklang mit der analytischen Lösung. Die Studie zeigt, dass einfache Techniken zur Charakterisierung der regionalen Grundwasserleiter Eigenschaften nützlich sein können.

Resumen

Se analiza la atenuación de las señales de las mareas para calcular la difusividad hidráulica y estimar la conductividad hidráulica regional del acuífero Northern Guam Lens, Territorio de Guam (Océano Pacifico), EEUU. Los resultados indican un significativo efecto de la amortiguación de las mareas en el borde costero. La difusividad hidráulica calculada usando una solución analítica simple en la respuesta de los pozos a las forzantes de la marea próximos a la periferia de las islas son de dos órdenes de magnitud más baja que para los pozos del interior de las islas. Sobre la base de almacenamientos específicos de ∼0.01–0.4, las conductividades hidráulicas son de ∼20–800 m/d para los pozos periféricos, y ∼2,000–90,000 m/d para los pozos interiores. La conductividad más baja de las rocas periféricas en relación a las rocas del interior puede ser mejor explicada por los efectos de la evolución kárstica: (1) aumento por disolución en la conductividad hidráulica en el interior; (2) cementación y reducción concurrente de la conductividad hidráulica local en los acantilados y rocas muy inclinadas de la periferia, y (3) la más fuerte influencia de la alta conductividad hidráulica de las características a escala regional en el interior en relación a la periferia. Un modelo numérico simple calibrado con los niveles de agua medidos y las respuestas de las mareas estimó valores de conductividad hidráulica y parámetros de almacenamiento consistentes con la solución analítica. El estudio demuestra que técnicas simples pueden ser útiles para la caracterización regional de las propiedades del acuífero.

摘要

本文通过分析潮汐信号的衰减来计算和评价美国关岛(太平洋)的北关岛透镜体含水层的水力扩散性和区域渗透系数。研究结果指示了在海岸边界一个重要的潮汐阻尼效应。文中利用一个对岛外围潮汐力响应良好的简单解析解计算了水力扩散系数,计算结果比岛内井的水力扩散系数小了两个数量级。在指定的 ∼0.01–0.4的单位出水量的基础上,评估了外围井和内部井的渗透系数,分别为 ∼20–800 m/day和 ∼2000–90000 m/day。外围岩石的渗透系数相对于内部岩石较低,这可以用岩溶演化效应很好地解释:(1)内部岩石水平方向上渗透系数由于溶解作用而增大;(2)表面硬化和同时发生的位于外围悬崖和陡峭岩石的局部渗透系数的降低;(3)相对于外围岩石,内部岩石在区域尺度上高渗透性的特征的影响更强烈。通过建立一个用所测量的水位和潮汐的响应来校正的简单数值模型,本文评价了与解析解一致的渗透系数值和储存参数值。此项研究表明,简单的技术对于描述区域含水层的特征也可以非常有效。

Resumo

Analisam-se as atenuações dos sinais de maré para calcular as difusividades hidráulicas e estimar as condutividades hidráulicas regionais do Aquífero Lenticular do Norte de Guam, Território de Guam (Oceano Pacífico), EUA. Os resultados indicam um efeito de amortecimento de maré significativo na fronteira costeira. As difusividades hidráulicas calculadas utilizando uma solução analítica simples para as respostas dos poços às forças de maré próximas da periferia da ilha são duas ordens de magnitude mais baixas do que para os poços no interior da ilha. Com base na atribuição de cedências específicas de ∼0.01–0.4, as condutividades hidráulicas estimadas são de ∼20–800 m/d para os poços periféricos, e de ∼2,000–90,000 m/d para os poços interiores. A condutividade mais baixa das rochas periféricas em relação às rochas do interior pode ser melhor explicada pelos efeitos de evolução do carso: (1) aumento, por dissolução, da condutividade hidráulica horizontal no interior; (2) cimentação e redução simultânea da condutividade hidráulica local nas falésias e nas rochas muito inclinadas da periferia; e (3) a maior influência das caraterísticas de maior condutividade à escala regional no interior em relação à periferia. Um modelo numérico simples, calibrado com níveis de água medidos e respostas de maré, estima valores de condutividade hidráulica e de parâmetros de armazenamento consistentes com a solução analítica. O estudo demonstra que técnicas simples podem ser úteis para caraterizar propriedades de aquíferos regionais.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank T.K. Presley for collecting the recent groundwater-level data used in this study, and D.N. Contractor and R.H. Randall for helpful reviews of the original draft. Helpful comments and discussions of the final draft with J.E. Mylroie resulted in a more complete and precise interpretation of the carbonate-island karst model. D.L. Galloway, D.S. Oki, and three anonymous reviewers provided constructive comments that greatly improved this paper. This is contributed paper WRRC-CP-2013-06 of the Water Resources Research Center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

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Rotzoll, K., Gingerich, S.B., Jenson, J.W. et al. Estimating hydraulic properties from tidal attenuation in the Northern Guam Lens Aquifer, territory of Guam, USA. Hydrogeol J 21, 643–654 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0949-9

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