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Using streamflow characteristics to explore permafrost thawing in northern Swedish catchments

Utilisation des caractéristiques de l’écoulement superficiel pour explorer la fonte du pergélisol sur des bassins versants de la Suède du Nord

Uso de las características del flujo de una corriente para explorar el deshielo del permafrost en cuencas suecas nórdicas

利用河川径流特征探讨瑞典北部流域永久冻土的融化

Uso das características de escoamento de cursos de água para exploração do degelo do permafrost em bacias hidrográficas no norte da Suécia

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Abstract

The recent and rapid warming of the Arctic leads to thawing of permafrost, which influences and changes subsurface water-flow systems in such landscapes. This study explores the utility of catchments as “sentinels of change” by considering long-term discharge data from 17 stations on unregulated rivers in northern Sweden and analyzing trends in annual minimum discharge and recession flow characteristics. For the catchments considered, the annual minimum discharge has increased significantly (based on the Mann Kendall test at a 95 % confidence level) in nine of the catchments and decreased significantly in one catchment. Considering changes in recession-flow characteristics, seven catchments showed significant trends consistent with permafrost thawing while two catchments showed significant trends in the opposite direction. These results are mechanistically consistent with generic physically based modeling studies and the geological setting, as the catchments considered span the spatial limit of permafrost extent. This study illuminates the potential for using hydrologic observations to monitor changes in catchment-scale permafrost. Further, this opens the door for research to isolate the mechanisms behind the different trends observed and to gauge their ability to reflect actual permafrost conditions at the catchment scale.

Résumé

Le récent et rapide réchauffement de l’Arctique entraîne la fonte du pergélisol, ce qui influence et modifie les systèmes d’écoulement d’eau de subsurface dans des territoires de ce type. La présente étude explore la fonctionnalité des bassins versants comme “sentinelles du changement”, en considérant les données de débit sur le long terme provenant de 17 stations implantées sur des rivières non régulées du Nord de la Suède et en analysant les tendances du débit minimum annuel et des caractéristiques du tarissement. Pour les bassins versants considérés, le débit minimum annuel a cru significativement (d’après le test de Mann Kendall à un niveau de confiance de 95 %) sur neuf des bassins versants et décru significativement sur l’un d’entre eux. En ce qui concerne le changement des caractéristiques du tarissement, sept bassins versants ont montré des tendances significatives cohérentes avec la fonte du pergélisol, tandis que deux bassins versants ont montré des tendances significatives dans le sens opposé. Ces résultats sont, au plan des mécanismes en accord avec les études générales par modélisation physique et avec le contexte géologique, étant donné que les bassins versants considérés recoupent la limite d’extension spatiale du pergélisol. Cette étude éclaire les possibilités d’utilisation des observations hydrologiques pour contrôler les changements du pergélisol à l’échelle du bassin versant. En outre, ceci ouvre la porte à une recherche pour cerner le mécanisme à l’œuvre derrière les différentes tendances observées et mesurer leur capacité à refléter les conditions actuelles du pergélisol à l’échelle du bassin versant.

Resumen

El reciente y rápido calentamiento del Ártico conduce al deshielo del permafrost, lo cual influye y modifica los sistemas de flujo de agua subsuperficiales en este tipo de paisaje. Este estudio explora la utilidad de las cuencas como “centinelas del cambio” considerando los datos de la descarga a largo plazo de 17 estaciones en ríos no regulados en el norte de Suecia y analizando tendencias en la descarga mínima anual y en las características de la recesión del flujo. Para las cuencas consideradas, la descarga minima anual tiene una significación creciente (basado en la prueba de Mann Kendall a un nivel de confidencia del 95 %) en nueve de las cuencas y una significación decreciente en una cuenca. Si se consideran los cambios en las características de recesión del flujo, siete cuencas mostraron tendencias significativas consistentes con el deshielo del permafrost mientras que dos cuencas mostraron tendencias significativas en la dirección opuesta. Estos resultados son mecánicamente consistentes con los estudios de modelados genéricos de bases físicas y la configuración geológica, puesto que las cuencas consideradas cubren el límite espacial de la extensión del permafrost. Este estudio ilumina el potencial para usar observaciones hidrológicas con el objeto de monitorear cambios en el permafrost en escala de cuenca. Más aún, esto abre la puerta para la investigación con el fin de aislar los mecanismos detrás de las diferentes tendencias observadas y para calibrar su habilidad para reflejar los condiciones reales del permafrost en la escala de cuenca.

摘要

北极最近迅速的升温导致了永久冻土的融化,在这样的情形下,影响和改变了地下水流系统。本次研究通过考虑瑞典北部不受监管河流上17个站的长期排放数据来探讨流域作为变化的哨兵的功效,分析年最小排放量和退水特征趋势。对于被探讨的流域,其中九个流域的年最小排放量有显著的增加(基于95%置信水平的Mann Kendall检验结果),一个流域的年最小排放量有显著的减少。考虑退水特征的变化,七个流域表现出显著的与冻土融化一致的趋势,也有两个流域表现出显著的与冻土融化相反的趋势。由于被探讨的流域跨越了冻土范围的空间限制,这些研究结果只是机械的符合一般的基于物理模型的研究结果和地质环境。本次研究阐明了利用水文观测来监测流域尺度永久冻土变化的可能性。而且,这使得我们能够脱离造成这些观察到的趋势背后的机制来进行研究,使得我们能够估计它们反映流域尺度的真实冻土条件的能力。

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Acknowledgements

Financial support was provided by the Swedish Geological Survey (SGU) project No. 60-1626/2009. The authors thank Dr. Ype van der Velde for assisting in data processing and analysis related to this work. Further, we thank the guest editor (Dr. Ming-Ko Woo) and two anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments that greatly improved this work.

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Correspondence to Ylva Sjöberg.

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Published in the theme issue “Hydrogeology of Cold Regions”

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Sjöberg, Y., Frampton, A. & Lyon, S.W. Using streamflow characteristics to explore permafrost thawing in northern Swedish catchments. Hydrogeol J 21, 121–131 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0932-5

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