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Modeling of groundwater flow at depth in crystalline rock beneath a moving ice-sheet margin, exemplified by the Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden

Modélisation de l’écoulement souterrain profond dans une roche cristalline à l’aplomb du front d’une calotte glaciaire en mouvement, exemple du Bouclier Fenno-scandien, Suède

Modelado de flujo de agua subterránea en profundidad en rocas cristalinas del límite de una capa de hielo en movimiento, ejemplificado por el Escudo de Fennoscandian, Suecia

移动冰盖边缘下结晶岩深处地下水流模拟,以瑞典的芬诺斯堪的亚地盾为例

Modelação do fluxo subterrâneo em profundidade em rochas cristalinas sob a margem de um manto de gelo móvel, exemplificada pelo Escudo Fenoscandinavo, Suécia

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Abstract

On-going geological disposal programs for spent nuclear fuel have generated strong demands for investigation and characterization of deep-lying groundwater systems. Because of the long time scales for which radiological safety needs to be demonstrated in safety assessment applications, an analysis of the hydrogeological performance of the geosphere system during glacial climate conditions is needed. Groundwater flow at depth in crystalline rock during the passage of an ice-sheet margin is discussed based on performed groundwater-flow modeling of two bedrock sites, Forsmark and Laxemar, in the Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden. The modeled ice sheet mimics the Weichselian ice sheet during its last major advance and retreat over northern Europe. The paper elaborates and analyzes different choices of top boundary conditions at the ice sheet–subsurface interface (e.g. ice-sheet thickness and ice-margin velocity) and in the proglacial area (presence or lack of permafrost) and relates these choices to available groundwater-flow-model hydraulic output and prevailing conceptual hydrogeochemical models of the salinity evolution at the two sites. It is concluded that the choice of boundary conditions has a strong impact on results and that the studied sites behave differently for identical boundary conditions due to differences in their structural-hydraulic properties.

Résumé

Les programmes en cours de stockage géologique de combustible nucléaire usé ont généré des demandes fortes d’investigation et de caractérisation des systèmes hydrogéologiques profonds. En raison des échelles de temps longues sur lesquelles la sécurité radiologique doit être démontrée, dans le cadre des demandes d’évaluation de la sécurité, une analyse du fonctionnement hydrogéologique de la géosphère dans les conditions d’un climat glaciaire est nécessaire. L’écoulement souterrain profond dans une roche cristalline pendant le passage du front de calotte glaciaire est discuté sur la base d’un modèle mis en œuvre sur deux sites de substrat, du Bouclier Fenno-scandien, Forsmark et Laxemare, Suède. La modélisation simule la calotte glaciaire du Weichselien durant sa dernière avancée importante et son retrait à travers l’Europe du Nord. L’article considère et analyse différentes conditions aux limites supérieures, à l’interface de la base de la calotte glaciaire (exemple épaisseur de la couverture de glace et vitesse du front glaciaire) et dans le domaine pro-glaciaire (présence ou absence de pergélisol) et corrèle ces cas aux résultats du modèle d’écoulement hydraulique souterrain disponible et aux modèles hydrogéochimiques conceptuels prévalants d’évolution de la salinité sur les deux sites. On conclut que le choix des conditions aux limites a un fort impact sur les résultats et que les sites étudiés se comportent différemment pour des conditions aux limites identiques en raison de propriétés hydrauliques structurelles différentes.

Resumen

Los programas actuales de disposición geológica para el combustible nuclear utilizado generaron fuertes demandas para la investigación y caracterización de los sistemas de aguas subterráneas yacentes en profundidad. Debido a las largas escalas de tiempo, la seguridad radiológica necesita ser demostrada con la evaluación de aplicaciones seguras, siendo necesario un análisis de la performance hidrogeológica del sistema de la geósfera durante las condiciones climáticas glaciales. Se discute el flujo de agua subterránea en profundidad en una roca cristalina durante el pasaje de un límite de capa de hielo basado en el modelado del flujo de agua subterránea realizado en dos sitios de roca de basamento. Forsmark y Laxemar, en el Escudo Fennoscandian, Suecia. La capa de hielo modelada simula la capa de hielo de Weichselian durante su último mayor avance y retroceso sobre el norte de Europa. El trabajo elabora y analiza diferentes opciones de las condiciones del contorno superior en la interfase capa de hielo - subsuperficie (por ejemplo el espesor de la capa de hielo y la velocidad del límite del hielo) y en el área proglacial (presencia o ausencia de permafrost) y relaciona estas opciones con la salida hidráulica del modelo de flujo subterráneo disponible y los modelos hidrogeoquímicos conceptuales prevalentes de la evolución de la salinidad en los dos sitios. Se concluye que la opción de las condiciones de contorno tiene un impacto fuerte sobre los resultados y que los sitios estudiados se comportan de manera diferente para condiciones de contorno idénticas debido a las diferencias en sus propiedades estructurales e hidráulicas.

摘要

核废料的地质处理工程需要深入的研究刻画深层地下水系统。由于在安全评价中需要证明核辐射在长时间尺度上是安全的,所以在冰期气候条件下的岩石圈的水文地质分析是需要的。基于在瑞典芬诺斯堪的亚地盾Forsmark 和 Laxemar两处基岩中地下水流的模拟,对冰盖边缘下结晶岩深处地下水流进行了讨论。模拟的冰盖模仿了遍布北欧的处于最后的主要的增长和衰退期的Weichselian冰盖。本文详细的阐述和分析 了冰盖地下界面(如冰盖厚度和冰盖边缘流速)和冰前区域(存在或缺乏多年冻土)的上边界条件的不同选择,并把这些选择与合适的地下水流模型的液压输出和Forsmark 、 Laxemar两处盐分演化的主要水文地球化学概念模型联系起来。结果表明,边界条件的选择对结果有显著的影响;由于构造水力性质的不同,在同一边界条件下Forsmark 、 Laxemar两研究区表现出不同的行为。

Resumo

Os correntes programas de armazenamento geológico de combustível nuclear têm gerado fortes necessidades de investigação e caraterização de sistemas de água subterrânea profundos. Devido às longas escalas de tempo, em que as necessidades de segurança radiológica têm de ser demonstradas nas aplicações de controlo de segurança, é necessária uma análise do desempenho hidrogeológico do sistema da geosfera durante condições climáticas glaciais. É discutido o fluxo de água subterrânea em profundidade em rochas cristalinas durante a passagem de uma margem de um manto de gelo, com base na modelação de fluxo de água subterrânea em dois locais de bed-rock, Forsmark e Laxemar, no Escudo Fenoscandinavo, na Suécia. O manto de gelo modelado mimetiza o manto Weichseliano durante o seu maior desenvolvimento e recuo sobre a Europa do norte. O artigo elabora e analisa diferentes seleções das condições de fronteira de topo, na interface do manto de gelo com a subsuperfície (e.g. espessura do manto de gelo e velocidade da margem do gelo) e na área pró-glacial (presença ou falta de permafrost) e relaciona estas escolhas com os resultados disponíveis através dos modelos hidráulicos de fluxo e dos modelos hidrogeoquímicos concetuais da evolução da salinidade nos dois locais. Conclui-se que a escolha das fronteiras tem um forte impacte nos resultados e que os locais de estudo se comportam de modo diferente para idênticas condições de fronteira, devido a diferenças nas suas propriedades hidráulico-estruturais.

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Acknowledgements

The research was supported by the Swedish Nuclear and waste Management Company (SKB). We thank Mr. Anders Lindblom (SKB) for his endless support in the production of the figures and the two reviewers along with the Guest Editor Professor Larry Hinzman of University of Alaska for valuable comments and suggestions that helped us improve the manuscript substantially.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. TerraSolve AB, Hallonvägen 51, 448 37, Floda, Sweden

    Patrik Vidstrand

  2. SF GeoLogic AB, Box 1139, 18311, Täby, Sweden

    Sven Follin

  3. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, Box 250, 101 24, Stockholm, Sweden

    Jan-Olof Selroos & Jens-Ove Näslund

  4. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology/Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden

    Jan-Olof Selroos

  5. SWECO Environment AB, Gullbergs Strandgata 3 , 40314, Göteborg, Sweden

    Ingvar Rhén

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Vidstrand, P., Follin, S., Selroos, JO. et al. Modeling of groundwater flow at depth in crystalline rock beneath a moving ice-sheet margin, exemplified by the Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden. Hydrogeol J 21, 239–255 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0921-8

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