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Using subsurface metazoan fauna to indicate groundwater–surface water interactions in the Nakdong River floodplain, South Korea

Caractérisation des relations eaux souterraines-eaux de surface de la plaine d’inondation de la rivière du Nakdong (Corée du Sud) à l’aide de la faune métazoaire de sub-surface

Erfassung von Grundwasser–Oberflächenwasser-Interaktionen mittels Meiofauna im Talgrundwasser des Nakdongs, Korea

El uso de la fauna de metazoos subsuperficial para indicar las interacciones entre agua subterránea–superficial en la planicie de inundación del Nakdong River, Corea del Sur

利用地下后生动物群研究韩国Nakdong河冲积平原地下水-地表水相互作用

지하 미소 동물 생태를 이용한 한국 낙동강 범람 충적층의 지하수-지표수 상호연결성 인지

Uso da fauna de metazoários de subsuperfície como indicador das interacções águas subterrâneas–águas superficiais na planície aluvial do Rio Nakdong, Coreia do Sul

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Abstract

Hydrological interactions between surface water and groundwater (GW) can be described using hydrochemical and biological methods. Surface water–groundwater interactions and their effects on groundwater invertebrate communities were studied in the Nakdong River floodplain in South Korea. Furthermore, the GW-Fauna-Index, a promising new index for assessing the strength of surface-water influence on groundwater, was tested. The influence of surface water on groundwater decreased with increasing depth and distance from the river. While hydrochemistry prevailingly reflected the origin of the waters in the study area (i.e. whether alluvial or from adjacent rock), faunal communities seemed to display an affinity to surface-water intrusion. Fauna reacted quickly to changes in hydrology, and temporal changes in faunal community structure were significantly linked to the hydrological situation in the floodplain. The metazoan faunal community and the GW-Fauna-Index allow a distinction between surface and subsurface waters with varying degrees of exchange. The results indicate that hydrological conditions are reflected by faunal assemblages on a high spatiotemporal resolution, and that surface-water intrusion can be estimated using the GW-Fauna-Index.

Résumé

Les relations hydrologiques entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines (ES) peuvent être décrites à l’aide de méthodes hydrochimiques et biologiques. Les interactions eaux de surface - eaux souterraines ont été étudiées par l’intermédiaire de leurs effets sur la microfaune des invertébrés des eaux souterraines, au niveau de la plaine d’inondation de la rivière du Nakdong, en Corée du Sud. De plus, un nouvel indice concernant la faune des eaux souterraines, par ailleurs très prometteur pour évaluer l’influence des eaux de surface sur les eaux souterraines, a été testé. L’influence des eaux de surface sur les eaux souterraines diminuait avec l’augmentation de la profondeur ainsi qu’avec l’éloignement de la rivière. Bien que l’hydrochimie permettait sans aucun doute de caractériser l’origine des eaux de la zone d’étude (distinction des signatures de l’eau alluviale des eaux d’aquifère adjacent), les communautés fauniques semblaient montrer une signature liée à une intrusion d’eau de surface. La faune réagissait rapidement à des changements hydrologiques; des changements dans la structure de la communauté faunique avec le temps étaient liés de manière significative avec le contexte hydrologique de la plaine d’inondation. La communauté faunique métazoaire ainsi que l’indice de la faune des eaux souterraines permet de faire une distinction entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines et de caractériser différents degrés d’échange entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines. Les résultats indiquent que les conditions hydrologiques sont le reflet des assemblages fauniques caractérisés par une très bonne résolution spatio-temporelle, et que l’intrusion d’eau de surface peut être estimée à partir de l’indice de la faune des eaux souterraines.

Zusammenfassung

Hydrologische Interaktionen zwischen Oberflächenwasser und Grundwasser (GW) können nicht nur durch hydrochemische, sondern auch mit Hilfe biologischer Methoden beschrieben werden. Grundwasser-Oberflächenwasser-Interaktionen und ihr Einfluss auf Lebensgemeinschaften im Grundwasser wurden im Uferbereich des Nakdongs, Südkorea, untersucht. Ferner wurde der GW-Fauna-Index auf seine Anwendbarkeit geprüft. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen neuen und vielversprechenden Index zur Abschätzung der Stärke des Einflusses von Oberflächenwasser auf das Grundwasser. Die Stärke des Oberflächenwassereinflusses auf das Grundwasser nahm mit zunehmender Tiefe und Distanz vom Fluss ab. Während die Hydrochemie vorwiegend die Herkunft des Wassers am Untersuchungsstandort anzeigte (alluviales oder landseitiges GW), konnte die Fauna die Intensität des Eintrags von Oberflächenwasser widerspiegeln. Die Fauna reagierte dabei rasch auf wechselnde hydrologische Verhältnisse. Zeitliche Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Lebensgemeinschaften standen in Zusammenhang mit den sich verändernden hydrologischen Bedingungen in der Aue. Metazoen sowie der GW-Fauna-Index erlauben eine Differenzierung zwischen Oberflächenwasser und Grundwasser mit variierendem hydrologischen Austausch. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass hydrologische Gegebenheiten durch die Fauna mit einer hohen raum-zeitlichen Auflösung reflektiert werden und der Oberflächenwassereinfluss mithilfe des GW-Fauna-Index abgeschätzt werden kann.

Resumen

Las interacciones hidrológicas entre agua superficial y agua subterránea pueden ser descriptas usando métodos hidroquímicos y biológicos. Las interacciones entre agua superficial y agua subterránea y sus efectos en comunidades de invertebrados en las aguas subterráneas fueron estudiadas en la planicie de inundación del Río Nakdong en Corea del Sur. Por otra parte, el índice aguas subterráneas - fauna fue probado que es un nuevo índice para evaluar el grado de influencia del agua superficial sobre el agua subterránea. La influencia del agua superficial sobre el agua subterránea decreció con el incremento de la profundidad y distancia desde el río. Mientras la hidroquímica reflejó el origen predominante de las aguas en el área de estudio (es decir, si son aluviales o de rocas adyacentes), las comunidades faunísticas parecieron mostrar una afinidad con la intrusión de agua superficial. La fauna reaccionó rápidamente a cambios en la hidrología y los cambios temporales de la estructura de la comunidad faunística estuvieron significativamente relacionados a la situación hidrológica en la planicie de inundación. La comunidad de la fauna de metazoos y el índice aguas subterráneas - fauna permite una diferenciación entre aguas superficiales y subsuperficiales con variables grados de intercambio. Los resultados indican que las condiciones hidrológicas están reflejadas por asociaciones faunísticas en una alta resolución espacio temporal, y que la intrusión de agua superficial puede ser estimada usando el índice aguas subterráneas - fauna.

摘要

地表水-地下水水力相互作用可以用水化学和生物学方法描述。本文研究了韩国Nakdong河冲积平原的地下水-地表水相互作用及其对水无脊椎动物群落的影响。验证了地下水-动物群指数-一种新的很有前景的评估地表水对地下水影响程度的指数。地表水对地下水的影响随深度及距河流距离的增加而减弱。水化学主要反映研究区地下水的起源 (河流的还是来自相邻的岩石) , 动物群落表现出与地表水入侵密切相关性。动物群对水文条件的改变反应迅速, 群落结构的时间变化与冲积平原的水文条件明显相关。综合利用无脊椎动物群落和地下水-动物群指数, 可将发生不同交换程度的地表水和地下水区分开。结果表明, 水文条件可为动物群落的组合所反映, 且具有较高的时空精度, 地表水入侵可由地下水-动物群指数估算。

요약

지표수와 지하수의 수리적 연결성은 수리화학적 방법과 생물학적 방법을 통해 설명될 수 있다. 한국 낙동강 범람 충적층 지역의 지표수-지하수 상호연결성과 이 연결성이 지하수 무척추 동물군에 미치는 영향이 연구되었다. 또한 지표수가 지하수에 미치는 영향을 평가하는데 있어 각광받을 수 있는 새로운 기법인 지하수 동물군 지수 방식이 시험되었다. 지표로부터 깊어지고 강에서 멀어질수록 지표수가 지하수에 미치는 영향은 감소되었다. 수리화학적 자료는 연구 지역 물의 성인(다시 말해, 그것이 충적층 기원 지하수 인지 혹은 결정암 기원 지하수 이던)을 주로 반영하고 있는데 반해, 동물군은 지표수 침투의 정도를 주로 보여주고 있는 것으로 여겨졌다. 동물군 생태는 수리 특성 변화에 즉각적으로 반응하였으며, 동물군 생태 구조의 시간적 변화는 범람 충적층의 수리학적 상황과 심히 연계되어있었다. 지하 미소 동물 생태와 지하수 동물군 지수는 지표수와 지하수의 변화 정도 구분을 분명하게 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 지하 동물군 집단은 높은 시공간적 해상도의 지하 수리 조건을 반영하며, 지표수의 지하 침투 현상은 지하수 동물군 지수에 의해 평가될 수 있음을 지시한다.

Resumo

As interacções hidrológicas entre as águas superficiais e as águas subterrâneas podem ser descritas através da utilização de métodos hidroquímicos e biológicos. As interacções entre as águas superficiais e as águas subterrâneas e os seus efeitos na comunidade de invertebrados das águas subterrâneas foram estudadas na planície aluvial do Rio Nakdong, na Coreia do Sul. Para além disso, o Índice-Fauna-Águas Subterrâneas, um novo e promissor índice para testar a importância da influência da água superficial na água subterrânea foi testado. A influência da água superficial na água subterrânea decresce com o incremento da profundidade e da distância ao rio. Enquanto a hidroquímica prevalecente reflecte a origem das águas na área em estudo (i.e. quando são aluviais ou da rocha adjacente), as comunidades faunísticas parecem apresentar uma afinidade com a intrusão de águas superficiais. A fauna reage rapidamente a alterações na hidrologia, e alterações temporais na estrutura da comunidade faunística foram significativamente ligadas à situação hidrológica na planície aluvial. A comunidade faunística de metazoários e o Índice-Água Subterrânea-Fauna permitem a distinção entre as águas superficiais e sub-superficiais com graus variáveis de mistura. Os resultados indicam que as condições hidrológicas são reflectidas pelas associações faunísticas numa resolução espaço-temporal elevada, e que a intrusão de água superficial pode ser estimada usando o Índice Água Subterrânea-Fauna.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-Water; Sustainable Water Resources Research Center), Daejeon, Korea, in the 21st Century Frontier Research Program (grant no. 3–4–3). We thank Dr H.-S. Kim and Dr J.-L. Cho, K-Water, Daejeon, for helpful annotations and their support in making this study possible, and Dr S. I. Schmidt, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, who contributed markedly, with many helpful remarks and discussions, to the improvement of the manuscript. We are indebted to Prof Dr E. Friedrich and our colleagues from the groundwater ecological working group, University of Koblenz-Landau, for all their advice and helpful discussions. We thank Dr J.-L. Cho for the determination of the Syncarida, Dr A. Fuchs, University Koblenz-Landau, for helpful annotations and discussions on the taxonomy of crustaceans and N. Morris (Landau) for vernacular meliorations of the draft report. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and helpful comments and suggestions.

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Bork, J., Berkhoff, S.E., Bork, S. et al. Using subsurface metazoan fauna to indicate groundwater–surface water interactions in the Nakdong River floodplain, South Korea. Hydrogeol J 17, 61–75 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0374-2

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