Abstract
Background
Inguinal pain after groin hernia repair is a challenging issue. About 50 % of postherniorrhaphy pain allegedly is neuropathic, treatment of which is cumbersome given the limited efficacy of current therapeutic modalities. Possibly a clear protocol assessing the type of pain and treating it accordingly could improve its treatment.
Methods
A prospective study was done to evaluate an algorithm in patients with chronic postherniorrhaphy groin pain, aiming to select those with neuropathic pain and to treat appropriately. Treatment consisted of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks as an initial treatment for neuropathic pain. If long-term pain reduction proved inadequate, peripheral nerve stimulation was offered.
Result
After our diagnostic workup consisting of anamnesis, physical examination and imaging, 68 patients out of 105 were diagnosed as having non-neuropathic pain. These patients were referred to the most appropriate consultant, treated accordingly or sometimes pain appeared to be self-limiting. Thirty-seven (35 %) patients were diagnosed as having neuropathic pain with a median NRS of 7 (range 4–9) and were referred for further treatment to our pain clinic. The majority (21 of 28 patients) suffered ileo-inguinal nerve involvement. After ultrasound-guided nerve blocks, a permanent reduction in pain was achieved in 18 patients (62 %) with a median post-treatment NRS of 1 (range 0–3). In six patients to which an additional peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) was offered, pain reduction to a level of mild complaints with a median NRS of 2 (range 1–8) was observed. In total, 24 of the 28 patients (83 %) diagnosed with neuropathic postherniorrhaphy pain achieved significant pain reduction after algorithm-based treatment.
Conclusions
In the present study, we implemented a diagnostic workup for patients with postherniorrhaphy inguinal pain to select those with neuropathic pain. Eighty-three percent of the patients with neuropathic groin pain obtained significant improvement of their pain scores after our protocolled treatment. The effect was achieved by nerve infiltrations and in some cases by an implanted PNS when the former was unsuccessful.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bay-Nielsen M, Perkins FM, Kehlet H (2001) Pain and functional impairment 1 year after inguinal herniorrhaphy: a nationwide questionnaire study. Ann Surg 233(1):1–7
Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Cairns W et al (2003) A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain 19:48–54
Aasvang E, Kehlet H (2005) Chronic postoperative pain: the case of inguinal herniorrhaphy. Br J Anaesth 95(1):69–76
Ferzli GS, Edwards ED, Khoury GE (2007) Chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Am Coll Surg 205(2):333–341
Nienhuis S, Staal E, Strobbe L et al (2009) Chronic pain after mesh repair of inguinal hernia: a systematic review. Am J Surg 194(2007):394–400
Loos MJA, Roumen RMH, Scheltinga RMR (2007) Classifying postherniorrhaphy pain syndromes following elective inguinal hernia repair. World J Surg 31:1760–1765
Amid PK (2004) Causes, prevention, and surgical treatment of postherniorrhaphy neuropathic inguinodynia: triple neurectomy with proximal end implantation. Hernia 8:343–349
Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J (2008) Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 70:1630–1635
Hakeem A, Shanmugam V (2011) Current trends in the diagnosis and management of postherniorrhaphy chronic groin pain. World J Gastrointest Surg 3(6):73–81
O’Connor AB, Dworkin RH (2009) Treatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of recent guidelines. Am J Med 122:S22–S32
Kehlet H, Roumen RM, Reinpold W, Miserez M (2013) Invited commentary: persistent pain after inguinal hernia repair: what do we know and what do we need to know? Henrnia 17(3):293–297
Alfiery S et al (2011) International guidelines for prevention and management of post-operative chronic pain following inguinal hernia surgery. Hernia 15(3):239–249
Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M et al (2009) European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia 13:343–403
Carr DB (2011) Local anesthetic blockade for neuralgias: “Why Is the Sky Blue, Daddy?”. Anesth Analg 112(6):1283–1285
Kissin I, Vlassakov KV, Narang S (2011) Local anesthetic blockade of peripheral nerves for treatment of neuralgias: systematic analysis. Anesth Analg 112:1487–1493
Bischoff JM, Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Kehlet H, Werner MU (2012) Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Anesth Analg 114(6):1323–1329
Vlassakov KV, Narang S, Kissin I (2011) Local anesthetic blockade of peripheral nerves for treatment of neuralgias: systematic analysis. Anesth Analg 112(6):1487–1493
Weiner RL (2003) Peripheral nerve stimulation. Neurosurg Clin N Am 14(3):401–408
Huntoon MA, Burgher AH (2009) Ultrasound-guided permanent implantation of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) system for neuropathic pain of the extremities: original cases and outcomes. Pain Med 10(8):1369–1377
Carayannopoulos A, Beasley R, Sites B (2009) Facilitation of percutaneous trial lead placement with ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve stimulation trial of ilioinguinal neuralgia: a technical note. Neuromodulation 12(4):296–301
Stinson LW, Roderer GT, Cross NE, Davis BE (2001) Peripheral Subcutaneous electrostimulation for control of intractable post-operative inguinal pain: a case report series. Neuromodulation 4(3):99–104
Loos MJA, Houterman S, Scheltinga MRM, Roumen RMH (2008) Evaluating postherniorrhaphy groin pain: visual analogue or verbal rating scale? Hernia 12:147–151
Haanpää M, Attal N, Backonja M et al (2011) NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain 152:14–27
Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H et al (2005) Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain 114(1–2):29–36
Nicholson B (2006) Differential diagnosis: nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Am J Manag Care 12(9 Suppl):S256–S262
Johansson A, Bennett GJ (1997) Effect of local methylprednisolone on pain in a nerve injury model. A pilot study. Reg Anesth 22:59–65
Gofeld M, Christakis M (2006) Sonographically guided ilioinguinal nerve block. J Ultrasound Med 25(12):1571–1575
Palumbo P, Minicucci A, Nasti AG, Simonelli I, Vietri F, Angelici AM (2007) Treatment for persistent chronic neuralgia after inguinal hernioplasty. Hernia 11(6):527–531
Schu S, Gulve A, Eldabe S, Baranidharan G, Wolf K et al (2014) Spinal cord stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion for groin pain—a retrospective review. Pain Pract 15(4):293–299
Yakovlev AE, Al Tamimi M, Barolat G (2010) Spinal cord stimulation as alternative treatment for chronic postherniorrhaphy pain. Neuromodulation 13:288–290
Elias M (2000) Spinal cord stimulation for post-herniorrhaphy pain. Neuromodulation 3:155–157
Lepski G, Vahedi P, Tatagiba MS, Morgalla M (2013) Combined spinal cord and peripheral nerve field stimulation for persistent post-herniorrhaphy pain. Neuromodulation 16:84–88
Stuart RM, Winfree CJ (2009) Neurostimulation techniques for painful peripheral nerve disorders. Neurosurg Clin N Am 20:111–120
Conflict of interest
CV, IB, TD, JB, GC, FW and RS certify that they have no commercial associations (e.g. consultancies, stock ownership, equity interests, patent-licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. Partial funding in support of the manuscript was provided in the form of a Research grant from Johnson & Johnson.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Voorbrood, C.E.H., Burgmans, J.P.J., Van Dalen, T. et al. An algorithm for assessment and treatment of postherniorrhaphy pain. Hernia 19, 571–577 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-015-1387-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-015-1387-0