Abstract
We report that glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be derivatized with 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone (2,7-NFN). The derivatization procedure involves simple immersion of the MWCNT-modified electrode in a solution containing 2,7-NFN. SEM images indicate that the MWCNTs form a twisted, three-dimensional array that remains attached to the GCE surface. Both electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements (XPS) indicate that 2,7-NFN is immobilized on the electrode, most probably by being trapped within the pockets of the mentioned three-dimensional array. The electrode with the immobilized 2,7-NFN is sufficiently stable to resist washing but allows both its manipulation and reduction to form the hydroxylamine derivative. This derivative can be oxidized to form a nitroso compound. Both the nitroso and hydroxylamine derivatives are also trapped within the MWCNT surface pockets. Furthermore, depending on the selected working potential, the nature of the encapsulated compound, i.e., nitro, nitroso, or hydroxylamine derivative and mixtures thereof, can be selected. All these redox pathways were verified by cyclic voltammetry and XPS.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Iijima S, Ichihashi S (1993) Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363:603–605
Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, de Heer WA (2002) Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications. Science 297:787–792
Tasis D, Tagnatarchis N, Bianco A, Prato M (2006) Chemistry of carbon nanotubes. Chem Rev 106:1105–1136
Nugent JM, Santhanam KSV, Rubio A, Ajayan PM (2001) Fast electron transfer kinetics on multiwalled carbon nanotube microbundle electrodes. Nano Lett 1:87–91
Wang J, Musameh M, Lin Y (2003) Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. J Am Chem Soc 125:2408–2409
Luo H, Shi Z, Li N, Gu Z, Zhuang Q (2001) Investigation of the electrochemical and electrocatalytic behavior of single-wall carbon nanotube film on a glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chem 73:915–920
Wildgoose G, Banks C, Leventis H, Compton R (2006) Chemically modified carbon nanotubes for use in electroanalysis. Microchim Acta 152:187–214
Wang L, Feng S, Zhao J, Zheng J, Wang Z, Li L, Zhu Z (2010) A facile method to modify carbon nanotubes with nitro/amino groups. Appl Surf Sci 256:6060–6064
Heald C, Wildgoose G, Jiang L, Jones T, Compton RG (2004) Chemical derivatisation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using diazonium salts. ChemPhysChem 5:1794–1799
Wildgoose G, Wilkins S, Williams G, France R, Carnahan D, Jiang L, Jones T, Compton RG (2005) Graphite powder and multiwalled carbon nanotubes chemically modified with 4-nitrobenzylamine. ChemPhysChem 6:352–362
Moscoso R, Carbajo J, López M, Núñez-Vergara LJ, Squella JA (2011) A simple derivatization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with nitroaromatics in aqueous media: modification with nitroso/hydroxylamine groups. Electrochem Commun 13:217–220
Moscoso R, Carbajo J, Squella JA (2014) Multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified electrodes with encapsulated 1,4-dihydro-pyridine-4-nitrobenzene substituted compounds. J Chil Chem Soc 59:2248–2251
Moscoso R, Carbajo J, Squella JA (2014) 1,3-Dioxolane: a green solvent for the preparation of carbon nanotube-modified electrodes. Electrochem Commun 48:69–72
Mano A, Kuhn A (1999) Immobilized nitro-fluorenone derivatives as electrocatalysts for NADH oxidation. J Electroanal Chem 477:79–88
Lipińska ME, Rebelo SLH, Pereira MFR, Gomes JANF, Freire C, Figueiredo JL (2012) New insights into the functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with aniline derivatives. Carbon 50:3280–3294
Saito R (2003) In: Yasuda E, Inagaki M, Kaneko K, Endo M, Oya A, Tanabe Y (Eds) Carbon alloys: novel concept to develod carbon science and technology. Elsevier, UK
Nielsen JU, Esplandiu MJ, Kolb DM (2001) 4-Nitrothiophenol SAM on Au(111) Investigated by in Situ STM, Electrochemistry, and XPS. Langmuir 17:3454–3459
Hueso JL, Espinós JP, Caballero A, Cotrino J, González-Elipe AR (2007) XPS investigation of the reaction of carbon with NO, O2, N2 and H2O plasmas. Carbon 45:89–96
Eng J Jr, Hubner IA, Barriocanal J, Opila RL, Doren DJ (2004) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of nitromethane adsorption products on Si(100): a model for N 1s core-level shifts in silicon oxynitride films. J Appl Phys 95:1963–1968
Ortiz B, Saby C, Champagne GY, Belanger D (1998) Electrochemical modification of a carbon electrode using aromatic diazonium salts. 2. Electrochemistry of 4-nitrophenyl modified glassy carbon electrodes in aqueous media. J Electroanal Chem 455:75–81
Finke B, Schröder K, Ohl A (2008) Surface Radical Detection on NH3-Plasma Treated Polymer Surfaces Using the Radical Scavenger NO. Plasma Process Polym 5:386–396
Moraitis G, Špitalský Z, Ravani F, Siokou A, Galiotis C (2011) Electrochemical oxidation of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 49:2702–2708
Martínez MT, Callejas MA, Benito AM, Cochet M, Seeger T, Ansón A, Schreiber J, Gordon C, Marhic C, Chauvet O, Fierro JLG, Maser WK (2003) Sensitivity of single wall carbon nanotubes to oxidative processing: structural modification, intercalation and functionalization. Carbon 41:2247–2256
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful for the financial support from FONDECYT project N° 1130160.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Urzúa, J., Carbajo, J., Yáñez, C. et al. Electrochemistry and XPS of 2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Solid State Electrochem 20, 1131–1137 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-015-2949-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-015-2949-x