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Glukosestoffwechsel und Tumorwachstum

Glucose metabolism and tumor growth

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Zusammenfassung

Kohlenhydrate sind zentrale Bestandteile der menschlichen Ernährung. Ihre Rolle im Zusammenhang mit der Tumorentstehung und Tumorentwicklung ist von besonderem Interesse. Nach heutigem Erkenntnisstand kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass nutritive Kohlenhydrate als Risikofaktor für verschiedene Tumorerkrankungen betrachtet werden können.

Adipositas gilt als der wichtigste Risikofaktor für die Entstehung eines Typ-2-Diabetes. Von besonderem Interesse ist vonseiten der Epidemiologie die Frage, ob die bekannte Assoziation zwischen erhöhtem Körpergewicht und Diabetesprävalenz einen ähnlichen Confounding-Effekt bezüglich der Tumorprävalenz hat. Aufbauend auf die Hypothese, dass spezifische Veränderungen des intrazellulären Glukosestoffwechsels in kausalem Zusammenhang mit der unkontrollierten Proliferation von Zellen stehen können, entstand die Idee der nutritiven Intervention bzw. Kalorienrestriktion, um Entstehung und Wachstum von Tumoren zu vermeiden. Daher sind in den letzten Jahren signifikante Anstrengungen unternommen wurden, Substanzen zu identifizieren, die den metabolischen Zustand einer Kalorienrestriktion simulieren können, sog. Kalorienrestriktionsmimetika. Von Interesse ist auch die hypothetische Vorstellung, dass bestimmte Ernährungsformen (ketogene Diäten), die eine spezifische Reduktion des Kohlenhydratgehalts umfassen, gleichermaßen zu einer Reduktion der Tumorzellproliferation führen könnten.

Abstract

Carbohydrates are an essential component of human nutrition. Their role in conjunction with tumorigenesis and tumor development is of particular interest. According to the current state of knowledge, it can be assumed that nutritive carbohydrates can be regarded as a risk factor for various tumor diseases.

Obesity is considered to be the most important risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. From an epidemiological point of view, an interesting question is whether the known association between elevated body weight and diabetes prevalence has a similar confounding effect with respect to tumor prevalence. Based on the hypothesis that specific changes of intracellular glucose metabolism could be causally linked with uncontrolled proliferation of cells, the idea of nutritional intervention and caloric restriction arose with the aim of preventing the development and growth of tumors. In recent years considerable efforts have been expended to identify substances, which could simulate the metabolic state of caloric restriction, the so-called caloric restriction mimetics. Another intriguing hypothesis is that certain forms of nutrition (ketogenic diets), which include a specific reduction of carbohydrate content, could similarly lead to a reduction of tumor proliferation.

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  1. Lehrstuhl für Humanernährung, Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743, Jena, Deutschland

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Ristow, M. Glukosestoffwechsel und Tumorwachstum. Onkologe 14, 22–30 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-007-1289-6

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