Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They represent major public health threat to our society. Increasing prevalence of obesity and T2DM contributes to escalating morbidity and mortality from CVD and stroke. Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) is a dipeptide with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-ischaemic and chelating roles and is available as an over-the-counter food supplement. Animal evidence suggests that carnosine may offer many promising therapeutic benefits for multiple chronic diseases due to these properties. Carnosine, traditionally used in exercise physiology to increase exercise performance, has potential preventative and therapeutic benefits in obesity, insulin resistance, T2DM and diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications (CVD and stroke) as well as number of neurological and mental health conditions. However, relatively little evidence is available in humans. Thus, future studies should focus on well-designed clinical trials to confirm or refute a potential role of carnosine in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in humans, in addition to advancing knowledge from the basic science and animal studies.
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Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- AGEs:
-
Advanced glycation end products
- ALEs:
-
Advanced lipoxdiation end products
- CDC:
-
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
- CLI:
-
Chronic low-grade inflammation
- CN:
-
Carnosinase
- CNDP:
-
Carnosine dipeptidase
- CVD:
-
Cardiovascular disease
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acids
- GPX:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- HNE:
-
Hydroxynonenal
- IDF:
-
International Diabetes Federation
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LDL:
-
Low density lipoprotein
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinases
- mTOR:
-
Mechanistic target of rapamycin
- RCS:
-
Reactive carbonyl species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- T2DM:
-
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
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We would like to thank Nigel Stepto for his valuable comments on the schematic diagram of the signalling pathways.
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Estifanos Baye is a recipient of the Monash Graduate Scholarship. Barbora de Courten was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Baye, E., Ukropcova, B., Ukropec, J. et al. Physiological and therapeutic effects of carnosine on cardiometabolic risk and disease. Amino Acids 48, 1131–1149 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2208-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2208-1