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Structural and physiological responses of Halodule wrightii to ocean acidification

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Abstract

Coastal areas face high variability of seawater pH. Ocean acidification (OA) and local stressors are enhancing this variability, which poses a threat to marine life. However, these organisms present potential phenotypic plasticity that can offer physiological and structural tools to survive in these extreme conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 levels and consequent pH reduction on the physiology, anatomy and ultrastructure of the seagrass Halodule wrightii. A mesocosm study was conducted in an open system during a 30-day experiment, where different concentrations of CO2 were simulated following the natural variability observed in coastal reef systems. This resulted in four experimental conditions simulating the (i) environmental pH (control condition, without CO2 addition) and (ii) reduced pH by − 0.3 units, (iii) − 0.6 units and (iv) − 0.9 units, in relation to the field condition. The evaluated population only suffered reduced optimum quantum yield (Y(II)), leaf width and cross-section area under the lowest CO2 addition (− 0.3 pH units) after 30 days of experiment. This fitness commitment should be related to carbon concentration mechanisms present in the evaluated species. For the highest CO2 level, H. wrightii demonstrated a capacity to compensate any negative effect of the lowest pH. Our results suggest that the physiological behaviour of this primary producer is driven by the interactions among OA and environmental factors, like irradiance and nutrient availability. The observed behaviour highlights that high-frequency pH variability and multifactorial approaches should be applied, and when investigating the impact of OA, factors like irradiance, nutrient availability and temperature must be considered as well.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Coral Vivo Project and its sponsors Petrobras and Arraial d’ Ajuda Eco Parque. The authors also acknowledge the staff of the Electron Microscopy Central Laboratory (LCME), Plant Anatomy Laboratory (LAVEG), Morphogenesis and Plant Biochemistry Laboratory (LMBV) and Phycology Laboratory (LAFIC) of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The authors also thank the journal reviewers and native expert Walter Rich IV for the improvements in the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from Boticario Foundation; FAPESC—Foundation Support Research and Innovation in the State of Santa Catarina; CNPq—National Council for Scientific and Technological Development; Capes-Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination; REBENTOS—Habitat Monitoring Network Coastal Benthic and ProspecMar-Islands—Sustainable Prospecting in Ocean Islands: Biodiversity, Chemistry, Ecology and Biotechnology; Rede Coral Vivo and REDEALGAS; Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change, FINEP/Rede CLIMA Grant Number 01.13.0353-00 and FAPESP—Foundation Support Research and Innovation in the State of São Paulo (FAPESP, 2014/00012-1).

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  1. Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of Botany,, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil

    Geniane Schneider, Camilla Reis Augusto da Silva, Isabel Brandalise & Ana Claudia Rodrigues

  2. Postgraduate Program in Biology of Fungi, Algae and Plants, Department of Plant of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil

    Geniane Schneider, Camilla Reis Augusto da Silva, José Bonomi Barufi & Ana Claudia Rodrigues

  3. Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil

    Paulo Antunes Horta & José Bonomi Barufi

  4. Coral Vivo Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Emiliano Nicolas Calderon, Clovis Castro & Adalto Bianchini

  5. Celenterology Laboratory, Department of Invertebrates, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (MN/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Emiliano Nicolas Calderon & Clovis Castro

  6. Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Conservation (PPG-CiAC), Macaé Nucleus for Ecological Researches, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NUPEM/UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil

    Emiliano Nicolas Calderon

  7. Marine Plant Ecology Research Group (ALGAE), Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal

    João Silva

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  1. Geniane Schneider
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Schneider, G., Horta, P.A., Calderon, E.N. et al. Structural and physiological responses of Halodule wrightii to ocean acidification. Protoplasma 255, 629–641 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1176-y

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