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Delayed intraventricular hemorrhage in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: prevalence, associated risk factors, and prognosis

  • Clinical Article - Brain Injury
  • Published:
Acta Neurochirurgica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

The presence of traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage (tIVH) on an admission CT scan is related to a worse outcome and increased mortality in patients with moderate and severe TBI. Currently, there is no available data regarding the predictive value of the appearance of tIVH as a delayed finding on follow-up CT scan. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, and prognosis of delayed tIVH.

Methods

The study is based on 401 consecutive adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with moderate-to-severe TBI admitted in our hospital for a 5-year period. At least one control CT was performed in 320 (79.8 %) patients. The prevalence of delayed tIVH was assessed and the potential risk factors and mortality were analyzed.

Results

Delayed tIVH appeared in 38 cases (11.9 % of the second CT scans and 9.5 % of all patients). The patients with delayed tIVH are significantly older (57.39 vs. 48.63 years, p = 0.009) and developed statistically significant more frequent enlargement of an existing lesion (47.4 vs. 20.2 %, p = 0.001) and appearance of a new lesion (100 vs. 33.7 %, p < 0.001). Delayed tIVH appeared significantly more frequent in surgically treated patients with ICH as a main surgical lesion (p = 0.010) and is associated with significantly higher mortality (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Delayed tIVH as a progression of injury in moderate-to-severe TBI has a relatively high occurrence and is associated with increased mortality. The only factor independently related to a new appearance of tIVH is the presence of ICH as a main surgical lesion on the control preoperative CT scans.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pirogov, 21 Totleben Blvd, 1606, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Maria Laleva, Nikolay Gabrovsky, Nikolay Velinov & Stefan Gabrovsky

  2. Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Emilia Naseva

Authors
  1. Maria Laleva
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  2. Nikolay Gabrovsky
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  3. Emilia Naseva
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  4. Nikolay Velinov
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  5. Stefan Gabrovsky
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Correspondence to Maria Laleva.

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Funding

No funding was received for this research.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This is a retrospective study. For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Disclosure

All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

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Comment

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not uncommon being considered as a marker of diffuse axonal damage and unfavorable clinical outcome. Nevertheless, this interesting article on patients with traumatic IVH explores a previously less explored but worthwhile further-to-explore topic in neurotraumatology. Whereas several papers were published on IVH and TBI, this manuscript does indeed appear to include the first reported study to systematically evaluate the incidence of delayed IVH and its impact on prognosis. Although primary as well as secondary onsets of IVH are triggered mainly by the trauma itself, IVH in principal could be both the cause and the result of TBI. Therefore, further underlying pathologies such as vascular malformations and predisposed factors including neurosurgical interventions, coagulopathies, or even extravasation of contrast medium into blood clots should be also taken into account for adequate management of patients with IVH associated with TBI. Apart from native diagnostic CT images for pure detection of existence and amount of IVH, additional examinations such as MRI or computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and cerebral angiography for further etiological clarification of IVH should be considered, especially if intraventricular thrombolytic therapy represents a therapeutic option. The authors should be commended on their efforts at tackling an important bleeding phenomenon and help us to better counsel neurotraumatologists regarding the risk and outcome of IVH in the setting of TBI.

Markus Florian Oertel

Bern, Switzerland

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Laleva, M., Gabrovsky, N., Naseva, E. et al. Delayed intraventricular hemorrhage in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: prevalence, associated risk factors, and prognosis. Acta Neurochir 158, 1465–1472 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-016-2854-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-016-2854-9

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