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The metabolism and transport of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in cells

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Abstract

Aims

Our previous studies demonstrated that serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels increased slightly rather than declined after an acute glucose load. Therefore, the current study aims at exploring the transport and metabolic characteristics of 1,5-AG, as well as the effect of glucose on 1,5-AG transport.

Methods

Km and Vmax were determined to measure the affinity of glucose oxidase (GOD) and hexokinase (HK) for 1,5-AG and glucose. HepG2, C2C12, and primary mouse hepatocytes were incubated for 2 h with 1,5-AG at concentrations of 0, 80, and 160 μg/mL. Then, intracellular and extracellular concentrations of 1,5-AG were measured before and after washing with PBS to evaluate the transport and metabolic rates of 1,5-AG. In addition, the influence of an acute glucose load on the transport of 1,5-AG was studied.

Results

The affinity of GOD and HK for 1,5-AG is 5 and 42.5% of that for glucose, respectively. Moreover, there is no de novo synthesis of 1,5-AG, and its metabolic rate is < 3%. After a 2 h incubation with additional 1,5-AG, the intracellular levels of 1,5-AG were 50–80% of extracellular levels. Moreover, intracellular 1,5-AG concentrations decreased rapidly and reached zero following the removal of 1,5-AG from the external medium. In addition, an acute glucose load can affect the dynamic balance of 1,5-AG, causing the intracellular 1,5-AG levels to decline significantly and the extracellular levels to increase slightly in HepG2 cells.

Conclusions

Unlike glucose, 1,5-AG is hard to be metabolized in vivo, and its transport is influenced by an acute glucose load in hepatocytes.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all of the involved technicians for dedicating their time and skill to the completion of this study. We would like to thank all participants for their dedication in data collection and laboratory measurements.

Funding

This work was funded by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission Medical Guide Project (15411963500), the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (2016D01C084), the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission—Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support (20161430), the Shanghai United Developing Technology Project of Municipal Hospitals (SHDC12016108), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670790).

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Author notes

  1. Lingwen Ying and Xiaojing Ma have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China

    Lingwen Ying, Xiaojing Ma, Jun Yin, Yufei Wang, Xingxing He, Jiahui Peng, Yuqian Bao, Jian Zhou & Weiping Jia

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  1. Lingwen Ying
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Contributions

JY and JZ designed the study. LY and XM performed the experiment and the statistical analysis. LY performed the osmotic pressure measurements and wrote the paper. YW, XH, and JP performed the 1,5-AG measurements. JY, JZ, YB, and WJ revised the paper and contributed to discussion. LY and XM had equal contribution to this paper and were the guarantors.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jun Yin or Jian Zhou.

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No competing financial interests exist.

Ethical approval

The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

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Informed consent is not required for this type of study.

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Managed by Massimo Porta.

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Ying, L., Ma, X., Yin, J. et al. The metabolism and transport of 1,5-anhydroglucitol in cells. Acta Diabetol 55, 279–286 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-017-1093-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-017-1093-8

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