Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spectral determination of concentrations of functionally diverse pigments in increasingly complex arctic tundra canopies

  • Physiological ecology - original research
  • Published:
Oecologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As the Arctic warms, tundra vegetation is becoming taller and more structurally complex, as tall deciduous shrubs become increasingly dominant. Emerging studies reveal that shrubs exhibit photosynthetic resource partitioning, akin to forests, that may need accounting for in the “big leaf” net ecosystem exchange models. We conducted a lab experiment on sun and shade leaves from S. pulchra shrubs to determine the influence of both constitutive (slowly changing bulk carotenoid and chlorophyll pools) and facultative (rapidly changing xanthophyll cycle) pigment pools on a suite of spectral vegetation indices, to devise a rapid means of estimating within canopy resource partitioning. We found that: (1) the PRI of dark-adapted shade leaves (PRIo) was double that of sun leaves, and that PRIo was sensitive to variation among sun and shade leaves in both xanthophyll cycle pool size (V + A + Z) (r 2 = 0.59) and Chla/b (r 2 = 0.64); (2) A corrected PRI (difference between dark and illuminated leaves, ΔPRI) was more sensitive to variation among sun and shade leaves in changes to the epoxidation state of their xanthophyll cycle pigments (dEPS) (r 2 = 0.78, RMSE = 0.007) compared to the uncorrected PRI of illuminated leaves (PRI) (r 2 = 0.34, RMSE = 0.02); and (3) the SR680 index was correlated with each of (V + A + Z), lutein, bulk carotenoids, (V + A + Z)/(Chla + b), and Chla/b (r 2 range = 0.52–0.69). We suggest that ΔPRI be employed as a proxy for facultative pigment dynamics, and the SR680 for the estimation of constitutive pigment pools. We contribute the first Arctic-specific information on disentangling PRI-pigment relationships, and offer insight into how spectral indices can assess resource partitioning within shrub tundra canopies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asner GP, Nepstad D, Cardinot G, Ray D (2004) Drought stress and carbon uptake in an Amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6039–6044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bilger W, Björkman O, Thayer SS (1989) Light-induced spectral absorbance changes in relation to photosynthesis and the epoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle components in cotton leaves. Plant Physiol 91:542–551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Birth GS, McVey G (1968) Measuring the color of growing turf with a reflectance spectroradiometer. Agron J 60:640–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn GA (2007) Hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments. J Exp Bot 58:855–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boelman NT, Gough L, McLaren JR, Greaves H (2011) Does NDVI reflect variation in the structural attributes associated with increasing shrub dominance in arctic tundra? Environ Res Lett 6:035501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bréda NJJ (2003) Ground-based measurements of leaf area index: a review of methods, instruments and current controversies. J Exp Bot 54:2403–2417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bungard RA, Ruban AV, Hibberd JM, Press MC, Horton P, Scholes JD (1999) Unusual carotenoid composition and a new type of xanthophyll cycle in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1135–1139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Butler WL (1978) Energy distribution in the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 29:345–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter GA, Knapp AK (1991) Leaf optical properties in higher plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration. Am J Bot 88:677–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale MP, Causton DR (1992) The ecophysiology of Veronica V. montana IV. Effects of shading on nutrient allocations—a field experiment. J Ecol 80:517–526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daughtry C, Walthall C, Kim M, De Colstoun EB, McMurtreyIII J (2000) Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance. Remote Sens Environ 74:229–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demmig-Adams B (1998) Survey of thermal energy dissipation and pigment composition in sun and shade leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 39:474–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW III (1992) Responses of plants to high light stress. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 43:599–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW (1996) The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 1:21–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elmendorf SC, Henry GHR, Hollister RD et al (2012) Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time. Ecol Lett 15:164–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson E, Wakao S, Niyogi KK (2015) Light stress and photoprotection in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J 82:449–465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field CB (1991) Ecological scaling of carbon gain to stress and resource availability. In: Mooney HA, Winner WE, Pell EJ (eds) Response of plants to multiple stresses. Academic Press, New York, pp 35–65

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Filella I, Amaro T, Araus JL, Peñuelas J (1996) Relationship between photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency of barley canopies and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI). Physiol Plant 96:211–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser RH, Olthof I, Carrière M, Deschamps A, Pouliot D (2011) Detecting long-term changes to vegetation in northern Canada using the Landsat satellite image archive. Environ Res Lett 6:045502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Berry JA (2012) Facultative and constitutive pigment effects on the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) in sun and shade conifer needles. Isr J Plant Sci 60:85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Surfus JS (1999) Assessing leaf pigment content and activity with a reflectometer. New Phytol 143:105–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Field CB, Bilger W, Bjorkman O, Fredeen AL, Penuelas J (1990) Remote sensing of the xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower leaves and canopies. Oecologia 85:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Peñuelas J, Field CB (1992) A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Remote Sens Environ 41:35–44. doi:10.1016/0034-4257(92)90059-S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Filella I, Peñuelas J (1993) The dynamic 531-nanometer ∆ reflectance signal: a survey of twenty angiosperm species. In: Yamamoto HY, Smith CM (eds) Photosynthetic responses to the environment. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, pp 172–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Field CB, Goulden ML, Griffin KL, Anne E, Joel G, Peñuelas J, Valentini R (1995) Relationships between NDVI, canopy structure, and photosynthesis in three Californian vegetation types. Ecol Appl 5:28–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Field CB, Fredeen AL, Thayer S (2001) Assessing photosynthetic downregulation in sunflower stands with an optically-based model. Photosynth Res 67:113–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamon JA, Kovalchuk O, Wong CYS, Harris A, Garrity SR (2015) Monitoring seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthetic pigments with automated PRI and NDVI sensors. Biogeosci Discuss 12:2947–2978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbulsky MF, Peñuelas J, Gamon J, Inoue Y, Filella I (2011) The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the remote sensing of leaf, canopy and ecosystem radiation use efficiencies. A review and meta-analysis. Remote Sens Environ 115:281–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Plazaola JI, Hernandez A, Errasti E, Becerril JM (2002) Occurrence and operation of the lutein epoxide cycle in Quercus species. Funct Plant Biol 29:1075–1080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Plazaola JI, Matsubara S, Osmond CB (2007) The lutein epoxide cycle in higher plants: its relationships to other xanthophyll cycles and possible functions. Funct Plant Biol 34:759–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrity SR, Eitel JUH, Vierling LA (2011) Disentangling the relationships between plant pigments and the photochemical reflectance index reveals a new approach for remote estimation of carotenoid content. Remote Sens Environ 115:628–635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore AM, Yamamoto HY (1991) Resolution of lutein and zeaxanthin using a non-endcapped, lightly carbon-loaded C18 high-performance liquid chromatographic column. J Chromatogr A 543:137–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore AM, Yamamoto HY (1993) Linear models relating xanthophylls and lumen acidity to non-photochemical fluorescence quenching. Evidence that antheraxanthin explains zeaxanthin-independent quenching. Photosynth Res 35:67–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gitelson A, Merzlyak MN (1994) Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll-a using reflectance spectra: experiments with autumn chestnut and maple leaves. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 22:247–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitelson AA, Merzlyak MN (2004) Non-destructive assessment of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content in higher plant leaves: principles and algorithms. Remote Sens Agric Environ 78–94

  • Gitelson AA, Viña A, Verma SB, Rundquist DC, Arkebauer TJ, Keydan G, Leavitt B, Ciganda V, Burba GG, Suyker AE (2006) Relationship between gross primary production and chlorophyll content in crops: implications for the synoptic monitoring of vegetation productivity. J Geophys Res Atmos 111:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall FG, Hilker T, Coops NC, Lyapustin A, Huemmrich KF, Middleton E, Margolis H, Drolet G, Black TA (2008) Multi-angle remote sensing of forest light use efficiency by observing PRI variation with canopy shadow fraction. Remote Sens Environ 112:3201–3211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallinger M, Manthey M, Wilmking M (2010) Establishing a missing link: warm summers and winter snow cover promote shrub expansion into alpine tundra in Scandinavia. New Phytol 186:890–899

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris A, Gamon JA, Pastorello GZ, Wong CYS (2014) Retrieval of the photochemical reflectance index for assessing xanthophyll cycle activity: a comparison of near-surface optical sensors. Biogeosciences 11:6277–6292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartel H, Lokstein H, Grimm B, Rank B (1996) Kinetic studies on t e Xanthophyll cycle in Barley leaves’. Plant Physiol 110:471–482

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hmimina G, Dufrêne E, Soudani K (2014) Relationship between photochemical reflectance index and leaf ecophysiological and biochemical parameters under two different water statuses: towards a rapid and efficient correction method using real-time measurements. Plant Cell Environ 37:473–487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hmimina G, Merlier E, Dufrêne E, Soudani K (2015) Deconvolution of pigment and physiologically related photochemical reflectance index variability at the canopy scale over an entire growing season. Plant Cell Environ 38:1578–1590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquemoud S, Baret F (1990) PROSPECT: a model of leaf optical properties spectra. Remote Sens Environ 34:75–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahns P, Holzwarth AR (2012) The role of the xanthophyll cycle and of lutein in photoprotection of photosystem II. Biochimi et Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1817:182–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levizou E, Drilias P, Psaras GK, Manetas Y (2005) Nondestructive assessment of leaf chemistry and physiology through spectral reflectance measurements may be misleading when changes in trichome density co-occur. New Phytol 165:463–472. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01250.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol 148:350–382

  • Liu L, Zhang Y, Jiao Q, Peng D (2013) Assessing photosynthetic light-use efficiency using a solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index. Int J Remote Sens 34:4264–4280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logan BA, Barker DH, Demmig Adams B, Adams WW III (1996) Acclimation of leaf carotenoid composition and ascorbate levels to gradients in the light environment within an Australian rainforest. Plant Cell Environ 19:1083–1090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loranty MM, Goetz SJ (2012) Shrub expansion and climate feedbacks in Arctic tundra. Environ Res Lett 7:011005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macias-Fauria M, Forbes BC, Zetterberg P, Kumpula T (2012) Eurasian Arctic greening reveals teleconnections and the potential for structurally novel ecosystems. Nat Clim Change 2:613–618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magney TS, Logan BA, Griffin KL, Reblin J, Abatzoglou J, Eitel JUH, Boelman NT, Greaves H, Prager C, Vierling LA High xanthophyll cycle activity in two prominent Arctic tundra shrub species (in review)

  • Magney TS, Eitel JUH, Griffin KL, Boelman NT, Logan NB, Zheng G, Greaves H, Prager C, Oliver R, Fortin L, Ma L, Vierling LA (2016a) LiDAR derived canopy model reveals patterns of photosynthetic partitioning in an arctic shrub. Agric For Meteorol 221:78–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magney TS, Vierling LA, Eitel JUH, Huggins DR, Garrity SR (2016b) Response of high frequency photochemical reflectance index (PRI) measurements to environmental conditions in wheat. Remote Sens Environ 173:84–97. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin RE, Asner GP (2009) Leaf chemical and optical properties of metrosideros polymorpha across environmental gradients in Hawaii. Biotropica 41:292–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara S, Morosinotto T, Osmond CB, Bassi R (2007) Short- and long-term operation of the lutein-epoxide cycle in light-harvesting antenna complexes. Plant Physiol 144:926–941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire AD, Anderson LG, Christensen TR, Dallimore S, Guo LD, Hayes DJ, Heimann M, Lorenson TD, Macdonald RW, Roulet N (2009) Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change. Ecol Monogr 79:523–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McManus KM, Morton DC, Masek JG, Wang D, Sexton JO, Nagol JR, Ropars P, Boudreau S (2012) Satellite-based evidence for shrub and graminoid tundra expansion in northern Quebec from 1986 to 2010. Glob Change Biol 18:2313–2323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merzlyak MN, Gitelson AA, Chivkunova OB, Rakitin VYU (1999) Non-destructive optical detection of pigment changes during leaf senescence and fruit ripening. Physiol Plant 106:135–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merzlyak MN, Gitelson AA, Chivkunova OB, Solovchenko AE, Pogosyan SI (2003) Application of reflectance spectroscopy for analysis of higher plant pigments. Plant Physiol 50:704–710

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers-Smith IH, Forbes BC, Wilmking M et al (2011) Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environ Res Lett 6:045509. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Beck PSA et al (2015) Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome. Nat Clim Chang. doi:10.1038/nclimate2697

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakaji T, Oguma H, Fujinuma Y (2006) Seasonal changes in the relationship between photochemical reflectance index and photosynthetic light use efficiency of Japanese larch needles. Int J Remote Sens 27:493–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niinemets Ü (2010) A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance. Ecol Res 25:693–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niyogi KK (2000) Safety valves for photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3(6):455–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson R, Phillips GSJ, Loranty MM, Beck PSA, Damoulas T, Knight JS, Goetz SJ (2013) Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. Nat Clim Change 3:673–677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E, Morales F (2013) Three pools of zeaxanthin in Quercus coccifera leaves during light transitions with different roles in rapidly reversible photoprotective energy dissipation and photoprotection. J Exp Bot 64:1649–1661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peñuelas J (2011) Letters photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and remote sensing of plant CO uptake. New Phytol 191:596–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peñuelas J, Baret F, Filella I (1995) Semiempirical indexes to assess carotenoids chlorophyll-a ratio from leaf spectral reflectance. Photosynthetica 31:221–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Porcar-Castell A, Garcia-Plazaola JI, Nichol CJ, Kolari P, Olascoaga B, Kuusinen N, Fernández-Marín B, Pulkkinen M, Juurola E, Nikinmaa E (2012) Physiology of the seasonal relationship between the photochemical reflectance index and photosynthetic light use efficiency. Oecologia 170:313–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powles SB (1984) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 35:15–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran P, Munehiro M, Omasa K (2012) Relationships between the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and plant pigment indices at different leaf growth stages. Photosynth Res 113:261–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman AF, Gamon JA, Fuentes DA, Roberts DA, Prentiss D (2001) Modeling spatially distributed ecosystem flux of boreal forest using hyperspectral indices from AVIRIS imagery. J Geophys Res 106:33579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rouse JW, Haas RH, Schell JA, Deering DW (1974) Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. In: Frden SC, Mercanti EP, Becker MA (eds) Proceedings of the third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, pp 301–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Schowengerdt RA (2007) Remote sensing models and methods for image processing. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver GR, Street LE, Rastetter EB et al (2007) Functional convergence in regulation of net CO2 flux in heterogeneous tundra landscapes in Alaska and Sweden. J Ecol 95:802–817. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01259.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sims D, Gamon JA (2002) Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages. Remote Sens Environ 81:337–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soudani K, Hmimina G, Dufrêne E, Berveiller D, Delpierre N, Ourcival JM, Rambal S, Joffre R (2014) Relationships between photochemical reflectance index and light-use efficiency in deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forests. Remote Sens Environ 144:73–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stow DA, Hope A, McGuire A, Verbyla D, Gamon J, Huemmrich F, Houston S, Racine C, Sturm M, Tape K, Hinzman L, Yoshikawa K, Tweedie C, Noyle B, Silapaswan C, Douglas D, Griffith B, Jia G, Epstein H, Walker D, Daeschner S, Petersen A, Zhou LM, Myneni R (2004) Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic tundra ecosystems. Remote Sens Environ 89:281–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Street LE, Shaver GR, Williams M, Van Wijk MT (2007) What is the relationship between changes in canopy leaf area and changes in photosynthetic CO2 flux in arctic ecosystems? J Ecol 95:139–150. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01187.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet SK, Griffin KL, Steltzer H, Gough L, Boelman NT (2015) Greater deciduous shrub abundance extends tundra peak season and increases modeled net CO2 uptake. Glob Chang Biol 21:6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tape K, Sturm M, Racine C (2006) The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Glob Chang Biol 12:686–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer SS, Björkman O (1990) Leaf xanthophyll content and composition in sun and shade determined by HPLC. Photosynth Res 23:331–343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ustin SL, Gitelson AA, Jacquemoud S, Schaepman M, Asner GP, Gamon JA, Zarco-Tejada P (2009) Retrieval of foliar information about plant pigment systems from high resolution spectroscopy. Remote Sens Environ 113:S67–S77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter W, Englert G, Rigassi N, Schwieter U (1971) Spectroscopic methods. In: Isler O, Gutmann H, Solms U (eds) Carotenoids. Springer Basel, Basel, pp 189–266

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walker MD, Wahren CH, Hollister RD, Henry GHR, Ahlquist LE, Alatalo JM, Bret-Harte MS, Calef MP, Callaghan TV, Carroll AB et al (2006) Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1342–1346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead D, Boelman NT, Turnbull MH, Griffin KL, Tissue DT, Barbour MM, Hunt JE, Richardson SJ, Peltzer DA (2005) Photosynthesis and reflectance indices for rainforest species in ecosystems undergoing progression and retrogression along a soil fertility chronosequence in New Zealand. Oecologia 144:233–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams M, Rastetter EB (1999) Vegetation characteristics and primary productivity along an arctic transect: implications for scaling-up. J Ecol 87:885–898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams M, Rastetter EB, Shaver GR, Hobbie JE, Carpino E, Kwiatkowski BL (2001) Primary production of an arctic watershed: an uncertainty analysis. Ecol Appl 11:1800–1816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams M, Bell R, Spadavecchia L, Street LE, Van Wijk MT (2008) Upscaling leaf area index in an Arctic landscape through multiscale observations. Glob Change Biol 14:1517–1530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong CYS, Gamon JA (2015a) The photochemical reflectance index provides an optical indicator of spring photosynthetic activation in evergreen conifers. New Phytol 206:196–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong CYS, Gamon JA (2015b) Three causes of variation in the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) in evergreen conifers. New Phytol 206:187–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zar HJ (1999) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NASA Terrestrial Ecology grant NNX12AK83G. We thank Toolik Field Station (Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks) and the Arctic LTER for support and logistics. We thank Shannan Sweet for her assistance with the data analysis.

Author contribution statement

NTB, TSM, BAL, KLG, JUHE, HG, CMP, and LAV co-conceived, designed, and executed this study. NTB collected and analyzed the spectral data sets, while TSM and BAL conducted the pigment laboratory analyses. NTB wrote the manuscript with feedback on a previous draft from all other co-authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10964, USA

    Natalie T. Boelman & Kevin L. Griffin

  2. Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA

    Troy S. Magney, Jan U. H. Eitel, Heather Greaves & Lee A. Vierling

  3. Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, 04011, USA

    Barry A. Logan

  4. McCall Outdoor Science School, University of Idaho, McCall, ID, 83638, USA

    Jan U. H. Eitel & Lee A. Vierling

  5. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA

    Kevin L. Griffin & Case M. Prager

Authors
  1. Natalie T. Boelman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Troy S. Magney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Barry A. Logan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kevin L. Griffin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jan U. H. Eitel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Heather Greaves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Case M. Prager
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Lee A. Vierling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Natalie T. Boelman.

Additional information

Communicated by Allan T. G. Green.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Boelman, N.T., Magney, T.S., Logan, B.A. et al. Spectral determination of concentrations of functionally diverse pigments in increasingly complex arctic tundra canopies. Oecologia 182, 85–97 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3646-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3646-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation