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Intraguild predation and competition impacts on a subordinate predator

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Abstract

Intraguild (IG) predation and interspecific competition may affect the settlement and success of species in their habitats. Using data on forest-dwelling hawks from Finland, we addressed the impact of an IG predator, the northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis (goshawk), on the breeding of an IG prey, the common buzzard Buteo buteo. We hypothesized that the subordinate common buzzard avoids breeding in the proximity of goshawks and that interspecific competitors, mainly Strix owls, may also disturb common buzzards by competing for nests and food. Our results show that common buzzards more frequently occupied territories with a low IG predation threat and with no interspecific competitors. We also observed that common buzzards avoided territories with high levels of grouse, the main food of goshawks, possibly due to a risk of IG predation since abundant grouse can attract goshawks. High levels of small rodents attracted interspecific competitors to common buzzard territories and created a situation where there was not only an abundance of food but also an abundance of competitors for the food. These results suggest interplay between top–down and bottom–up processes which influence the interactions between avian predator species. We conclude that the common buzzard needs to balance the risks of IG predation and interference competition with the availability of its own resources. The presence of other predators associated with high food levels may impede a subordinate predator taking full advantage of the available food. Based on our results, it appears that interspecific interactions with dominant predators have the potential to influence the distribution pattern of subordinate predators.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the many volunteer bird-of-prey ringers for their long-term fieldwork. We thank Jukka Rintala for retrieving the grouse data, Henriikka Simola and Kaisa Välimäki for providing the weather data and Sanna Mäkeläinen for geoprocessing advice. We also want to acknowledge Sara Fraixedas and two anonymous reviewers for their comments that improved the manuscript. This study was supported by the Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus. H.B. received funding from the Kone Foundation, the University of Helsinki, the Doctoral Programme in Wildlife Biology Research Luova of the University of Helsinki, and the Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus. T.L. received funding from the Academy of Finland.

Author contribution statement

H.B. originally formulated the idea, H.B., A.S., J.V., T.L. designed the study, O.H., H.Le, H.Li. provided the data, H.B., A.S., F.G.B., J.V., T.L. contributed to methodology and analyses, H.B. performed statistical analyses and wrote the manuscript; all authors provided editorial advice.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Heidi Björklund, Andrea Santangeli & Jari Valkama

  2. Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Heidi Björklund, Andrea Santangeli & F. Guillaume Blanchet

  3. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada

    F. Guillaume Blanchet

  4. Suonenjoki Research Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Juntintie 154, 77600, Suonenjoki, Finland

    Otso Huitu

  5. Suomen metsäkeskus, Itäinen palvelualue, Pohjois-Karjala, Poikolantie 2, 83900, Juuka, Finland

    Hannu Lehtoranta

  6. Natural Resources Institute Finland, P.O. Box 2, 00791, Helsinki, Finland

    Harto Lindén

  7. Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland

    Toni Laaksonen

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  1. Heidi Björklund
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Correspondence to Heidi Björklund.

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All applicable institutional and/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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Communicated by Hannu J. Ylonen.

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Hawk territory dynamics (PDF 94 kb)

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Additional information on materials and methods (PDF 415 kb)

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Figures 1–5: Figures on the data (PDF 472 kb)

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The AICs of the occupancy and breeding success GLMMs with different goshawk threats (PDF 157 kb)

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Björklund, H., Santangeli, A., Blanchet, F.G. et al. Intraguild predation and competition impacts on a subordinate predator. Oecologia 181, 257–269 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3523-z

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