Abstract
The claustrum is a brain region whose function remains unknown, though many investigators suggest it plays a role in conscious attention. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has revealed how anesthesia alters many functional connections in the brain, but the functional role of the claustrum with respect to the awake versus anesthetized states remains unknown. Therefore, we employed a combination of seed-based RS-fMRI and neuroanatomical tracing to reveal how the anatomical connections of the claustrum are related to its functional connectivity during quiet wakefulness and the isoflurane-induced anesthetic state. In awake rats, RS-fMRI indicates that the claustrum has interhemispheric functional connections with the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as other known connections with cortical areas that correspond to the connections revealed by neuroanatomical tracing. During deep isoflurane anesthesia, the functional connections of the claustrum with mPFC and MD were significantly attenuated, while those with the rest of cortex were not significantly altered. These changes in claustral functional connectivity were also observed when seeds were placed in mPFC or MD during RS-fMRI comparisons of the awake and deeply anesthetized states. Collectively, these data indicate that the claustrum has functional connections with mPFC and MD-thalamus that are significantly lessened by anesthesia.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akeju O, Loggia ML, Catana C, Pavone KJ, Vazquez R, Rhee J, Ramirez VC, Chonde DB, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Arabasz G, Hsu S, Habeeb K, Hooker JM, Napadow V, Brown E, Purdon PL (2014) Disruption of thalamic functional connectivity is a neural correlate of dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness. eLife 3:e04499 doi:10.7554/eLife.04499
Alkire MT (2008) Loss of effective connectivity during general anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin 46(3):55–73. doi:10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181755dc6
Alkire MT, Miller J (2005) General anesthesia and the neural correlates of consciousness. Prog Brain Res 150:229–244. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50017-7
Alkire MT, Hudetz AG, Tononi G (2008) Consciousness and anesthesia. Science 322(5903):876–880. doi:10.1126/science.1149213
Alloway KD, Olson ML, Smith JB (2008) Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions. J Comp Neurol 510:100–116. doi:10.1002/cne.21782
Alloway KD, Smith JB, Beauchemin KJ, Olson ML (2009) Bilateral projections from rat MI whisker cortex to the neostriatum, thalamus, and claustrum: forebrain circuits for modulating whisking behavior. J Comp Neurol 515(5):548–564. doi:10.1002/cne.22073
Alloway KD, Smith JB, Watson GDR (2014) Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafasicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties. J Neurophysiol 111:36–50. doi:10.1152/jn.00399.2013
Arrigo A, Mormina E, Calamuneri A, Gaeta M, Granata F, Marino S, Anastasi GP, Milardi D, Quartarone A (2015) Inter-hemispheric claustral connections in human brain: a constrained spherical deconvolution-based study. Clin Neuroradiol. doi:10.1007/s00062-015-0492-x (in press)
Barttfeld P, Bekinschtein TA, Salles A, Stamatakis EA, Adapa R, Menon DK, Sigman M (2015a) Factoring the brain signatures of anesthesia concentration and level of arousal across individuals. Neuroimage Clin 9:385–391. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.013
Barttfeld P, Uhriq L, Sitt JD, Sigman M, Jarraya B, Dehaene S (2015b) Signature of consciousness in the dynamics of resting-state brain activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(3):887–892. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418031112
Bay HH, Cadvar SS (2013) Regional connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat. J Integr Neurosci 12(2):201–219. doi:10.1142/S021963521350012X
Biswal BB (2012) Resting state fMRI: a personal history. Neuroimage 62:938–944. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.090
Boveroux MD, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno M-A, Noirhomme Q, Lauwick S, Luxen A, Degueldre C, Plenevaux A, Schnakers C, Phillips C, Brichant J-F, Bonhomme V, Maquet P, Greicius MD, Laureys S, Boly M (2010) Breakdown of within- and between network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Anesthesiology 113:1038–1053. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181f697f5
Chau A, Salazar AM, Krueger F, Cristofori I, Grafman J (2015) The effect of claustrum lesions on human consciousness and recovery of function. Conscious Cogn 36:256–264. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.017
Crick F, Koch C (1998) Constraints on cortical and thalamic projections: the no-strong-loops hypothesis. Nature 391(6664):245–250. doi:10.1038/34584
Crick FC, Koch C (2005) What is the function of the claustrum? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360(1458):1271–1279. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1661
da Costa NM, Fursinger D, Martin KAC (2010) The synaptic organization of the claustral projection to the cat’s visual cortex. J Neurosci 30(39):13166–13170. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3122-10.2010
Deco G, Jirsa VK, McIntosh AR (2011) Emerging concepts for the dynamical organization of resting-state activity in the brain. Nat Rev Neuro 12:43–56. doi:10.1038/nrn2961
Deshpande G, Kerssens C, Sebel PS, Hu X (2010) Altered local coherence in the default mode network due to sevoflurane anesthesia. Brain Res 1318:110–121. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.075
Detsch O, Vahle-Hinz C, Kochs E, Siemers M, Bromm B (1999) Isoflurane induces dose-dependent changes of thalamic somatosensory information transfer. Brain Res 829(1–2):77–89
Detsch O, Kochs E, Siemers M, Bromm B, Vahle-Hinz C (2002) Differential effects of isoflurane on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to thalamic neurons in vivo. Br J Anaesth 89(2):294–300
Diamond ME, Armstrong-James M, Budway MJ, Ebner FF (1992) Somatic sensory responses in the rostral sector of the posterior group (POm) and in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the rat thalamus: dependence on the barrel field cortex. J Comp Neurol 319:66–84. doi:10.1002/cne.903190108
Duffau H, Mandonnet E, Gatignol P, Capelle L (2007) Functional compensation of the claustrum: lessons from low-grade glioma surgery. J Neurooncol 81:327–329. doi:10.1007/s11060-006-9236-8
Edelstein LR, Denaro FJ (2004) The claustrum: a historical review of its anatomy, physiology, cytochemistry and functional significance. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 50(6):675–702
Erickson SL, Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA (2004) Subcortical afferents of the lateral mediodorsal thalamus in cynomolgus monkeys. Neuroscience 129(3):675–690. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.016
Fernandez-Miranda JC, Rhoton AL Jr, Kakizawa Y, Choi C, Alvarex-Linera J (2008) The claustrum and its projection system in the human brain: a microsurgical and tractographic anatomical study. J Neurosurg 108(4):764–774. doi:10.3171/JNS/2008/108/4/0764
Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME (2005) The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(27):9673–9678. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504136102
Franceschini MA, Radhakrishnan H, Thakur K, Wu W, Ruvinskaya S, Carp S, Boas DA (2010) The effect of different anesthetics on neurovascular coupling. Neuroimage 51:1367–1377. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.060
Friedberg MH, Lee SM, Ebner FF (1999) Modulation of receptive field properties of thalamic somatosensory neurons by the depth of anesthesia. J Neurophysiol 81(5):2243–2252
Goll Y, Atlan G, Citri A (2015) Attention: the claustrum. Trends Neurosci 38(8):486–495. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.006
Gozzi A, Schwarz AJ (2016) Large-scale functional connectivity networks in the rodent brain. Neuroimage 127:496–509. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015
Grandjean J, Schroeter A, Batata I, Rudin M (2014) Optimization of anesthesia protocol for resting-state fMRI in mice based on differential effects of anesthetics on functional connectivity patterns. Neuroimage 102(2):838–847. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.043
Greicius MD, Kiviniemi V, Tervonen O, Vainionpää V, Reiss AL, Menon V (2008) Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation. Hum Brain Mapp 29(7):839–847. doi:10.1002/hbm.20537.Persistent
Greicius MD, Supekar K, Menon V, Dougherty F (2009) Resting-state functional connectivity reflects structural connectivity in the default mode network. Cereb Cortex 19:72–78. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn059
He JH, Cui Y, Song M, Yang Y, Dang YY, Jiang TZ, Xu RX (2015) Decreased functional connectivity between the mediodorsal thalamus and default mode network in patients with disorders of consciousness. Acta Neurol Scand 131(3):145–151. doi:10.1111/ane.12299
Hintiryan H, Foster NN, Bowman I, Bay M, Song MY, Gou L, Yamashita S, Bienkowski MS, Zingg B, Zhu M, Yang XW, Shih JC, Toga AW, Dong H-W (2016) The mouse cortico-striatal projectome. Nat Neurosci 19:1100–1114. doi:10.1038/nn.4332
Honey CJ, Sporn O, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Thiran JP, Meuli R, Hagmann P (2009) Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(6):2035–2040. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811168106
Hoover WB, Vertes RP (2007) Anatomical analysis of afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 212(2):149–179. doi:10.1007/s00429-007-0150-4
Hoover JE, Hoffer ZS, Alloway KD (2003) Projections from primary somatosensory cortex to the neostriatum: the role of somatotopic continuity in corticostriatal convergence. J Neurophysiol 89:1576–1687. doi:10.1152/jn.01009.2002
Hudetz AG (2012) General anesthesia and human brain connectivity. Brain Connect 2(6):291–302. doi:10.1089/brain.2012.0107
Hutchison RM, Leung LS, Mirsattari SM, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S (2011) Resting-state networks in the macaque at 7T. NeuroImage 56(3):1546–1555. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.063
Hwang E, Kim S, Han K, Choi JH (2012) Characterization of phase transition in the thalamocortical system during anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness. PLoS One 7(12):e50580. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050580
Jankowski MM, O’Mara SM (2015) Dynamics of place, boundary and object encoding in rat anterior claustrum. Front Behav Neurosci 9:250. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00250
Joksovic PM, Todorovic SM (2010) Isoflurane modulates neuronal excitability of the nucleus reticularis thalami in vitro. Ann NY Acad Sci 1199:36–42. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05172.x
Koubeissi MZ, Bartolomei F, Beltagy A, Picard F (2014) Electrical stimulation of a small brain area reversibly disrupts consciousness. Epilepsy Behav 37:32–35. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.027
Künzle H (1975) Bilateral projections from precentral motor cortex to the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia: an autoradiographic study in Macaca fascicularis. Brain Res 88(2):195–209
Langmoen IA, Larsen M, Berg-Johnsen J (1995) Volatile anaesthetics: cellular mechanisms of action. Eur J Anaesthesiol 12:51–58
LeVay S, Sherk H (1981) The visual claustrum of the cat. II. The visual field map. J Neurosci 1(9):981–992
Liachenko S, Tang P, Somogyi GT, Xu Y (1999) Concentration dependent isoflurane effects on depolarization-evoked glutamate and GABA outflows from mouse brain slices. Br J Pharmacol 127:131–138. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702543
Liang Z, Jean K, Zhang N (2011) Uncovering intrinsic connectional architecture of functional networks in awake rat brain. J Neurosci 31(10):3776–3783. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4557-10.2011
Liang Z, Jean K, Zhang N (2012) Intrinsic organization of the anesthetized brain. J Neurosci 32(30):10183–10191. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1020-12.2012
Liang Z, Liu X, Zhang N (2015) Dynamic resting state functional connectivity in awake and anesthetized rodents. Neuroimage 104:89–99. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.013
Liu X, Zhu XH, Zhang Y, Chen W (2011) Neural origin of spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations in rats under burst-suppression anesthesia condition. Cereb Cortex 21(2):374–384. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq105
Liu X, Pillay S, Rupeng Li, Vizuete JA, Pechman KR, Schmainda KM, Hudetz AG (2013) Multiphasic modification of intrinsic functional connectivity of the rat brain during increasing levels of propofol. Neuroimage 83:581–592. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.003
Lu H, Zou Q, Gu H, Raichle ME, Stein EA, Yang Y (2012) Rat brains also have a default mode network. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(10):3979–3984. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200506109
Masamoto K, Kanno I (2012) Anesthesia and the quantitative evaluation of neurovascular coupling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:1233–1247. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.50
Mashour GA (2006) Integrating the science of consciousness and anesthesia. Anesth Analg 103(4):975–982. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000232442.69757.4a
Mathur BN (2014) The claustrum in review. Front Syst Neurosci 8:48. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00048
Mathur BN, Caprioli RM, Deutch AY (2009) Proteomic analysis illuminates a novel structural definition of the claustrum and insula. Cereb Cortex 19(10):2372–2379. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn253
Mhuircheartaigh RN, Rosenorn-Lanng D, Wise R, Jbabdi S, Rogers R, Tracey I (2010) Cortical and subcortical connectivity changes during decreasing levels of consciousness in humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using propofol. J Neurosci 30(27):9095–9102. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5516-09.2010
Milardi D, Bramanti P, Milazzo C, Finocchio G, Arrigo A, Santoro G, Trimarchi F, Quararone A, Anastasi G, Gaeta M (2013) Cortical and subcortical connections of the human claustrum revealed in vivo by constrained spherical deconvolution tractography. Cereb Cortex 25(2):406–414. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht231
Mitchell AS (2015) The mediodorsal thalamus as a higher order thalamic relay nucleus important for learning and decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 54:76–88. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.001
Nasrallah FA, Tay HC, Chuang KH (2014) Detection of functional connectivity in the resting mouse brain. NeuroImage 86:417–424. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.025
Negyessy L, Hamori J, Bentivoglio M (1998) Contralateral cortical projection to mediodorsal thalamic nucleus: origin and synaptic organization in the rat. Neuroscience 84(3):741–753
Olson CR, Graybiel AM (1980) Sensory maps in the claustrum of the cat. Nature 288:479–481
Park S, Tsyzka JM, Allman JM (2012) The claustrum and insula in Microcebus murinus: a high resolution diffusion imaging study. Front Neuroanat 6:21. doi:10.3389/fnana.2012.00021
Paxinos G, Watson C (2006) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 6th edn. Elsevier Academic Press, New York
Peltier SJ, Kerssens C, Hamann SB, Sebel PS, Byas-Smith M, Hu X (2005) Functional connectivity changes with concentration of sevoflurane anesthesia. NeuroReport 16(3):285–288
Reep RL, Corwin JV (2009) Posterior parietal cortex as part of a neural network for directed attention in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 91(2):104–113. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.08.010
Remedios R, Logothetis NK, Kayser C (2010) Unimodal responses prevail within the multisensory claustrum. J Neurosci 30(30):19902–19907. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2937-10.2010
Ries CR, Puil E (1999a) Mechanism of anesthesia revealed by shunting actions of isoflurane on thalamocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 81:1795–1801
Ries CR, Puil E (1999b) Ionic mechanism of isoflurane’s action on thalamocortical neurons. J Neurophysiol 81:1802–1809
Reser DH, Majka P, Snell S, Chan J, Watkins K, Worthy K, Quiroga DM, Rosa, MGP (2016) Topography of claustrum and insula projections to medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Comp Neurol. doi:10.1002/cne.24009/cne.24009 (in press)
Schroter MS, Spoormaker VI, Schorer A, Wohlschlager A, Czisch M, Kochs EF, Zimmer C, Hemmer B, Schneider G, Jordan D, Ilg R (2012) Spatiotemporal reconfiguration of large-scale brain functional networks during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. J Neurosci 32(37):12832–12840. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6046-11.2012
Schwarz A, Gass N, Sarorius A, Zheng L, Spedding M, Schenker E, Meyer-Lindberg A, Weber-Fahr W (2013) Anti-correlated cortical networks of intrinsic connectivity in the rat brain. Brain Connect 3:503–511. doi:10.1089/brain.2013.0168
Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GGH, Kenna H, Reiss AL, Greicius MD (2007) Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci 27:2349–2356. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
Sforazzini F, Bertero A, Dodero L, David G, Galbusera A, Scattoni M, Pasqualetti M, Gozzi A (2014a) Altered functional connectivity networks in acallosal and socially impaired BTBR mice. Brain Struct Func. doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0948-9
Sforazzini F, Schwarz AJ, Galbusera A, Bifone A, Gozzi A (2014b) Distributed BOLD and CBV-weighted resting-state networks in the mouse brain. Neuroimage 87:403–415. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.050
Sherk H (1986) The claustrum and the cerebral cortex. In: Peters A (ed) Jones EG. Plenum, New York, pp 467–499
Sherk H (2014) Physiology of the claustrum. In: Smythies JR, Edelstein LR, Ramachandran VS (eds) The claustrum: structural, functional, and clinical neuroscience. Academic Press/Elsevier Inc, San Diego, pp 177–191
Sherman SM, Guillery RW (1998) On the actions that one nerve cell can have on another: distinguishing “drivers” from “modulators”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7121–7126
Shima K, Hoshi E, Tanji J (1991) Neuronal activity of the claustrum of the monkey during performance of multiple movements. J Neurophysiol 76(3):2115–2119
Shirey MJ, Smith JB, Kudlik DE, Huo BX, Greene SE, Drew PJ (2015) Brief anesthesia, but not voluntary locomotion, significantly alters cortical temperature. J Neurophysiol 114(1):309–322. doi:10.1152/jn.00046.2015
Smith JB, Alloway KD (2010) Functional specificity of claustrum connections in the rat: interhemispheric communication between specific parts of motor cortex. J Neurosci 30(50):16832–16844. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4438-10.2010
Smith JB, Alloway KD (2014) Interhemispheric claustral circuits coordinate sensory and motor cortical areas that regulate exploratory behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 8:93. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00093
Smith JB, Mowery TM, Alloway KD (2012a) Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats: potential pathway for mediating stimulus-response associations for sensorimotor habits. J Neurophysiol 108:160–174. doi:10.1152/jn.00142.2012
Smith JB, Radhakrishnan H, Alloway KD (2012b) Rat claustrum coordinates but does not integrate somatosensory and motor cortical information. J Neurosci 32(25):8583–8888. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1524-12.2012
Smythies J, Edelstein L, Ramachandran VS (2012) Hypotheses relating to the function of the claustrum. Front Integr Neurosci 6:53. doi:10.3389/fnint.00053
Smythies J, Edelstein L, Ramachandran VS (2014) The claustrum: structural, functional, and clinical neuroscience. Academic Press/Elsevier Inc., San Diego
Spector I, Hassmannova J, Albe-Fessard D (1974) Sensory properties of single neurons of cat’s claustrum. Brain Res 66:39–65
Taqliazucchi E, Chialvo DR, Siniatchkin M, Amico E, Brichant JF, Bonhomme V, Noirhomme Q, Laufs H, Laurey S (2016) Large-scale signatures of unconsciousness are consistent with a departure from critical dynamics. J R Soc Interface 13(114). doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.1027
Vanhaudenhuyse A, Noirhomme Q, Tshibanda LJ, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, Soddu A, Perlbarg V, Ledoux D, Brichant JF, Moonen G, Maquet P, Greicius MD, Laureys S, Boly M (2010) Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain 133:161–171. doi:10.1093/brain/awp313
Vertes RP (2004) Differential projections of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortex in the rat. Synapse 51(1):32–58. doi:10.1002/syn.10279
Vincent JL, Patel GH, Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Baker JT, Van Essen DC, Zempel JM, Snyder LH, Corbetta M, Raichle ME (2007). Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain. Nature 447(7140):83–86. doi:10.1038/nature05758
Wakamori M, Ikemoto Y, Akaike N (1991) Effects of two volatile anesthetics and a volatile convulsant on the excitatory and inhibitory amino acid responses in dissociated CNS neurons of the rat. J Neurophysiol 66:2014–2021
Wang Q, Ng L, Harris JA, Feng D, Li Y, Royall JJ, Oh SW, Bernard A, Sunkin SM, Koch C, Zeng H (2016) Organization of the connections between claustrum and cortex in the mouse. J Comp Neurol. doi:10.1002/cne.24047 (in press)
Ying SW, Werner DF, Homanics GE, Harrison NL, Goldstein PA (2009) Isoflurane modulates excitability in the mouse thalamus via GABA-dependent and GABA-independent mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 56(2):438–447. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.09.015
Zingg B, Hinitryan H, Gou L, Song MY, Bay M, Bienkowski MS, Foster NN, Yamashita S, Bowman I, Toga AW, Dong HW (2014) Neural networks of the mouse neocortex. Cell 156(5):1096–1111. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.023
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NIH Grants R01NS085200 and R01MH098003 awarded to N. Zhang, and NIH Grant R01NS37532 awarded to K.D. Alloway. J.B.S., N.Z. and K.D.A. designed research; J.B.S. and G.D.R.W. performed neuroanatomical tracing experiments and J.B.S. analyzed the data, Z.L. and N.Z. performed and analyzed all resting-state fMRI experiments. J.B.S., Z.L., and K.D.A. wrote the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the manuscript. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, J.B., Liang, Z., Watson, G.D.R. et al. Interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity of the claustrum in the awake and anesthetized states. Brain Struct Funct 222, 2041–2058 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1323-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1323-9