Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the factors contributing to performance of a side medicine-ball throw (S-MBT) and a fast side medicine-ball throw (FS-MBT) and to analyze some of the factors which account for the difference in side medicine ball throw performance between the sexes. Sixteen males and ten females were evaluated by S-MBT, FS-MBT, isometric maximal trunk rotation torque (IMTRT), One repetition maximum of Parallel Squat (1RMPS) and Bench Press (1RMBP), Bench Press peak power (BPPP), Static Squat Jump peak power (SSJPP) and vertical jump height. Males demonstrated significantly greater scores than females in all measurements. Significant correlations were observed in males, but not in females, between the distances during S-MBT and the IMTRT values (r = 0.596–0.739, P < 0.05–0.01) and the 1RMPS values (r = 0.683–0.725, P < 0.01). In FS-MBT performance, significant correlations were observed in males, but not in females, between the ball velocity values during FS-MBT and the IMTRT values (r = 0.611–0.687, P < 0.05–0.01), 1RMBP values (r = 0.596–0.655, P < 0.05–0.01) and 1RMPS values (r = 0.679–0.718, P < 0.01). These results suggested that the contributing factors of S-MBT and FS-MBT performance were deferent in males and females. Hence, the side medicine-ball throw test would be useful to examine the trunk rotation power of male athletes, but may have a limited potential as a predictor of trunk rotation power for female athletes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baker D, Wilson G, Carlyon B (1994) Generality versus specificity: a comparison of dynamic and isometric measures of strength and speed-strength. Eur J Appl Physiol 68:350–355
Bosco C, Luhtanen P, Komi PV. (1983) A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol 50:273–282
Bruyn-Prevost P de, Sturbois X (1984) Physiological response of girls to aerobic and anaerobic endurance tests. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 24:149–154
Coelho CW, Hamar D, Araujo CGS (2003) Physiological response using two high-speed resistance training protocols. J Strength Cond Res 17:334–337
Davies BN, Greenwood EJ, Jones SR (1988) Gender difference in the relationship of performance in the handgrip and standing long jump tests to lean limb volume in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 58:315–320
Ellenbecker TS, Roetert EP (2004) An isokinetic profile of trunk rotation strength in elite tennis players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:1959–1963
French DN, Kraemer WJ, Cooke CB (2003) Changes in dynamic exercise performance following a sequence of preconditioning isometric muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res 17:678–685
Gorostiaga EM, Grnados C, Ibáñez J, Izquierdo M (2005) Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. Int J Sports Med 26:225–232
Ikeda Y, Fuchimoto T (2005) Changes in joint moment and joint power of the lower limbs due to double-leg hop training. Jpn J Phys Educ Health Sport Sci 50(1):1–11 (in Japanese)
Jennings CL, Viljoen W, Durandt J, Lambert MI (2005) The reliability of the FitroDyne as a measure of muscle power. J Strength Cond Res 19:859–863
Jones K, Bishop P, Hunter G, Fleisig G (2001) The effects of varying resistance-training loads on intermediate- and high-velocity-specific adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 15:349–356
Kaneko M, Fuchimoto T, Toji H, Suei K (1983) Training effect of different loads on the force-velocity relationship and mechanical power output in human muscle. Scand J Sport Sci 3:50–55
Kaneko M, Ryu T, Fuchimoto T, Suei K (1989) A measurement of power output by torso-twisting muscles (part 1): Development of a machine based on the after-load method. The Japan Amateur Sport Association, Report no. V, pp 41–48 (in Japanese)
Kaneko M, Ryu T, Fuchimoto T, Suei K (1990) A measurement of power output by torso-twisting muscles (part 2): torso muscle power of the track and field athletes. The Japan Amateur Sport Association, report no. VI, pp 47–52 (in Japanese)
Kubo Y, Ae M, Fujii N (1999) The effect of technical training on mechanical energy flows in medicine-ball backward throwing. Jpn J Biomech Sports Exerc 3(3):170–178 (in Japanese)
Kumar S, Narayan Y, Garand D (2001) Isometric axial rotation of the trunk in the neutral posture. Eur J Appl Physiol 86:53–61
Matuszak ME, Fry AC, Weiss LW, Ireland TR, McKnight MM (2003) Effect of rest interval length on repeated 1 repetition maximum back squats. J Strength Cond Res 17(4):634–637
Mayhew JL, Salm PC (1990) Gender differences in anaerobic power tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 60:133–138
Mayhew JL, Bird M, Cole ML, Koch AJ, Jacques JA, Ware JS, Buford BN, Fletcher KM (2005) Comparison of the backward overhead medicine ball throw to power production in college football players. J Strength Cond Res 19(3):514–518
Mero A, Luhtanen P, Viitasalo JT, Komi PV (1981) Relationship between the maximal running velocity, muscle fiber characteristics, force production and force relaxation of sprinters. Scand J Sports Sci 3:16–22
Murphy AJ, Wilson GJ (1996) Poor correlations between isometric tests and dynamic performance: relationship to muscle activation. Eur J Appl Physiol 73:353–357
Newton RU, Kreamer WJ, Häkkinen K, Humphries BJ, Murphy AJ (1996) Kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation during explosive upper body movements. J Appl Biomech 11:205–215
Newton RU, Murphy AJ, Humphries BJ, Wilson GJ, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, (1997) Influence of load and stretch shortening cycle on the kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation that occurs during explosive upper-body movement. Eur J Appl Physiol 75:333–342
Nindl BC, Mahar MT, Harman EA, Patton JF (1995) Lower and upper body anaerobic performance in male and female adolescent athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(2):235–241
Serresse O, Ama PFM, Simoneau JA, Lortie G, Bouchard C, Boulay MR (1988) Anaerobic performances of sedentary and trained subjects. Can J Sport Sci 14:46–52
Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML (2003) The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 89(1):1–7
Stockbrugger BA, Haennel RG (2001) Validity and reliability of a medicine ball explosive power test. J Strength Cond Res 15(4):431–438
Stockbrugger BA, Haennel RG (2003) Contributing factors to performance of a medicine ball explosive power test: A comparison between jump and Nonjump athletes. J Strength Cond Res 17(4):768–774
Stone MH, O’Bryant HS, McCoy L, Coglianese R, Lehmkuhl M, Schilling B (2003a) Power and maximum strength relationships during performance of dynamic and static weighted jumps. J Strength Cond Res 17(1):140–147
Stone MH, Sanborn K, O’Bryant HS, Hartman M, Stone M.E, Proulx C, Ward B, Hruby J. (2003b) Maximum strength-power-performance relationships in collegiate throwers. J. Strength Cond Res 17(4):739–745
Viitasalo JT, Häkkinen K, Komi PV (1981) Isometric and dynamic force production and muscle fibre composition in man. J Hum Mov Stud 7:199–209
Young WB, Mclean B, Ardagna J (1995) Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 35:13–19
Young WB, James R, Montgomery I (2002) Is muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 42:282–288
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ikeda, Y., Kijima, K., Kawabata, K. et al. Relationship between side medicine-ball throw performance and physical ability for male and female athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 99, 47–55 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0316-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0316-4