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Extreme radium deficit in the 1957 AD Mugogo lava (Virunga volcanic field, Africa): its bearing on olivine-melilitite genesis

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Abstract

We report here U-series and trace element data for an olivine-melilitite lava flow, erupted in 1957 in the Virunga volcanic field and known as the Mugogo eruption. Petrological and geochemical data show that the Mugogo magma represents a primary mantle melt, derived from a low degree of melting of a metasomatised mantle source. It is highly enriched in very incompatible trace elements (e.g. more than 300-fold compared to primitive mantle for Th), with a distinctly lower enrichment in Rb, Ba and Sr. The high Th/U and low (230Th/232Th) ratios (4.4 and 0.750, respectively, with a (230Th/238U) ratio of 1.09) are close to the values found for the Nyamuragira basanites. But the most striking feature is the very low (226Ra/230Th) ratio of 0.48, the lowest ever measured in a mafic volcanic rock. The most probable origin of this Ra deficit is the presence of phlogopite (having a high Ra partition coefficient) in the lithospheric mantle, either as a residual phase during low-degree isobaric melting (in batch-melting or a diffusion-controlled melting models), or in a phlogopite-bearing upper mantle through which the melt migrates and equilibrates (in an equilibrium porous flow model commonly used to describe adiabatic melting). The disequilibrium pattern (230Th) > (238U) > (210Pb) ≫ (226Ra), reversed compared to the pattern observed in the Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite, suggests that a carbonatite melt might have been involved to explain the Ra deficit. We thus discuss the possibility of an early separation of a Ra-enriched carbonate melt either from the olivine-melilitite melt or from a carbonated mantle source, followed by the production of a low-degree melt of olivine-melilitite composition, but the lack of available experimental, petrological and geochemical evidences makes this process somewhat speculative at present. Further studies of recent (<5 ky) olivine-melilitites are needed to check whether the large Ra deficit is a general characteristic of this type of magma that can be used to constrain models of its formation.

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Acknowledgments

An early version of this manuscript benefited from useful comments by T. Elliott and three anonymous reviewers. We also appreciate the comments made on the present version by G. Brey and an anonymous reviewer, who provided insightful suggestions on melting models. M. Spiegelman is thanked for his help with the UserCalc program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2 et CNRS (UMR 5243), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex, France

    Michel Condomines

  2. Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal-IRD, 5 rue Kessler, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Marion Carpentier

  3. Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, BP 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo

    Tienge Ongendangenda

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  1. Michel Condomines
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Correspondence to Michel Condomines.

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Communicated by Franck Poitrasson.

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410_2015_1124_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Supplementary Table: Trace element concentrations (ppm) of BCR-2 and BHVO-2 international standards, measured by ICP-MS at LMV during the course of this study. The relative standard deviations (2 RSD) between the n analyses of these standards are indicated. Two duplicate analyses of the Mugogo sample OT6 (D indicates duplicate dissolution) are also reported, with their relative differences in %. (DOC 62 kb)

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Condomines, M., Carpentier, M. & Ongendangenda, T. Extreme radium deficit in the 1957 AD Mugogo lava (Virunga volcanic field, Africa): its bearing on olivine-melilitite genesis. Contrib Mineral Petrol 169, 29 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1124-9

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