Abstract
Introduction
Piriformis fossa entry antegrade femoral nailing is a common method for stabilizing diaphyseal femur fractures. However, clinically significant complications such as chronic hip pain, hip abductor weakness, heterotopic ossification and femoral head osteonecrosis have been reported. A recent cadaveric study found that piriformis entry nailing damaged either the deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA) or its distal superior retinacular artery branches in 100 % of specimens and therefore recommended against its use. However, no study has quantitatively assessed the effect of different femoral entry points on femoral head perfusion.
Materials and methods
Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric lower extremity specimens were randomly allocated to either piriformis fossa or trochanteric entry nailing using a 13-mm reamer. The contralateral hip served as an internal matched control. All specimens subsequently underwent gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed gradient-echo sequence MRI to assess femoral head perfusion. Gross dissection was also performed to assess MFCA integrity and distance to the opening reamer path.
Results
MRI quantification analysis revealed near full femoral head perfusion with no significant difference between the piriformis and trochanteric starting points (95 vs. 97 %, p = 0.94). There was no observed damage to the deep MFCA in either group. The mean distance from the reamer path to the deep MFCA was 3.2 mm in the piriformis group compared to 18.5 mm in the trochanteric group (p = 0.001). Additionally, there was a significantly greater number of mean terminal superior retinacular vessels damaged by the opening reamer in the piriformis cohort (1 vs. 0; p = 0.007).
Conclusions
No statistically significant difference in femoral head perfusion was found between the two groups. Therefore, we cannot recommend against the use of piriformis entry femoral nails. However, we caution against multiple errant starting point attempts and recommend meticulous soft tissue protection during the procedure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bednar DA, Ali P (1993) Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures: reoperation and return to work. Can J Surg 36(5):464–466
Dodenhoff RM, Dainton JN, Hutchins PM (1997) Proximal thigh pain after femoral nailing. causes and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79(5):738–741
Bain GI, Zacest AC, Paterson DC et al (1997) Abduction strength following intramedullary nailing of the femur. J Orthop Trauma 11(2):93–97
Danckwardt-Lilliestrom G, Sjogren S (1976) Postoperative restoration of muscle strength after intramedullary nailing of fractures of the femoral shaft. Acta Orthop Scand 47(1):101–107
Archdeacon M, Ford KR, Wyrick J et al (2008) A prospective functional outcome and motion analysis evaluation of the hip abductors after femur fracture and antegrade nailing. J Orthop Trauma 22(1):3–9
Helmy N, Jando VT, Lu T et al (2008) Muscle function and functional outcome following standard antegrade reamed intramedullary nailing of isolated femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 22(1):10–15
Brumback RJ, Wells JD, Lakatos R et al (1990) Heterotopic ossification about the hip after intramedullary nailing for fractures of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am 72(7):1067–1073
Ricci WM, Bellabarba C, Evanoff B et al (2001) Retrograde versus antegrade nailing of femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 15(3):161–169
Marks PH, Paley D, Kellam JF (1988) Heterotopic ossification around the hip with intramedullary nailing of the femur. J Trauma 28(8):1207–1213
Shahane SA, Farhan MJ (1996) Avascular necrosis of the head of femur after intramedullary nailing for fracture of the shaft of the femur. Injury 27(9):663–665
Wu CC, Yu CT, Hsieh CP et al (2008) Femoral head avascular necrosis after interlocking nail of a femoral shaft fracture in a male adult: a case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 128(4):399–402
Graves RM, Sands KC (2008) Avascular necrosis of the femoral head following intramedullary nailing of the femur in a skeletally mature young adult: a case report. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 37(6):319–322
Ansari Moein CM, Verhofstad MH, Bleys RL et al (2008) Soft tissue anatomy around the hip and its implications for choice of entry point in antegrade femoral nailing. Clin Anat 21(6):568–574
Ansari Moein CM, Verhofstad MH, Bleys RL et al (2005) Soft tissue injury related to choice of entry point in antegrade femoral nailing: piriform fossa or greater trochanter tip. Injury. 36(11):1337–1342
Dora C, Leunig M, Beck M et al (2001) Entry point soft tissue damage in antegrade femoral nailing: a cadaver study. J Orthop Trauma 15(7):488–493
Ozsoy MH, Basarir K, Bayramoglu A et al (2007) Risk of superior gluteal nerve and gluteus medius muscle injury during femoral nail insertion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89(4):829–834
Lowe JA, Min W, Lee MA et al (2012) Risk of injury to the superior gluteal nerve when using a proximal incision for insertion of a piriformis-entry reamed femoral intramedullary nail: a cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(15):1416–1419
Ansari Moein C, ten Duis HJ, Oey L et al (2011) Functional outcome after antegrade femoral nailing: a comparison of trochanteric fossa versus tip of greater trochanter entry point. J Orthop Trauma 25(4):196–201
Ricci WM, Schwappach J, Tucker M et al (2006) Trochanteric versus piriformis entry portal for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 20(10):663–667
Stannard JP, Bankston L, Futch LA et al (2011) Functional outcome following intramedullary nailing of the femur: a prospective randomized comparison of piriformis fossa and greater trochanteric entry portals. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93(15):1385–1391
Starr AJ, Hay MT, Reinert CM et al (2006) Cephalomedullary nails in the treatment of high-energy proximal femur fractures in young patients: a prospective, randomized comparison of trochanteric versus piriformis fossa entry portal. J Orthop Trauma 20(4):240–246
Saghaei M (2004) Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials. BMC Med Res Methodol 4:26
Boraiah S, Dyke JP, Hettrich C et al (2009) Assessment of vascularity of the femoral head using gadolinium (gd-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 91(1):131–137
Lazaro LE, Sculco PK, Pardee NC et al (2013) Assessment of femoral head and head-neck junction perfusion following surgical hip dislocation using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 95(23):e1821–e1828
Dyke JP, Lazaro LE, Hettrich CM et al (2015) Regional analysis of femoral head perfusion following displaced fractures of the femoral neck. J Magn Reson Imaging 41(2):550–554
Harris WH (1969) Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. an end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 51(4):737–755
Hirata T, Konishiike T, Kawai A et al (2001) Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of femoral head perfusion in femoral neck fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res 393:294–301
Kaushik A, Sankaran B, Varghese M (2009) Prognostic value of dynamic MRI in assessing post-traumatic femoral head vascularity. Skelet Radiol 38(6):565–569
Tiderius C, Jaramillo D, Connolly S et al (2009) Post-closed reduction perfusion magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of avascular necrosis in developmental hip dysplasia: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop 29(1):14–20
Judet J, Judet R, Lagrange J et al (1955) A study of the arterial vascularization of the femoral neck in the adult. J Bone Joint Surg Am 37-A(4):663–680
Theron J (1977) Superselective angiography of the hip. technique, normal features, and early results in idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. Radiology 124(3):649–657
Trueta J, Harrison MH (1953) The normal vascular anatomy of the femoral head in adult man. J Bone Joint Surg Br 35-B(3):442–461
Tucker FR (1949) Arterial supply to the femoral head and its clinical importance. J Bone Joint Surg Br 31B(1):82–93
Gautier E, Ganz K, Krugel N et al (2000) Anatomy of the medial femoral circumflex artery and its surgical implications. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82(5):679–683
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Joseph T. Nguyen, MPH, for his help with the statistical analysis. This research was supported by a grant from DePuy Synthes, Inc. (West Chester, PA, USA).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to the present study and do not have a financial relationship with DePuy Synthes. The authors were in full control of all primary data and agree to allow the journal to review their data if requested.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schottel, P.C., Hinds, R.M., Lazaro, L.E. et al. The effect of antegrade femoral nailing on femoral head perfusion: a comparison of piriformis fossa and trochanteric entry points. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 135, 473–480 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-015-2169-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-015-2169-y