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Chirurgische Behandlung der sekundären Mitralklappeninsuffizienz

„Best-practice“-Empfehlung für optimale Langzeitergebnisse

Surgical treatment of secondary mitral valve insufficiency

Best practice recommendations for optimal long-term results

  • Evidenzbasierte Medizin
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Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Als Goldstandard zur Behandlung der sekundären Mitralklappeninsuffizienz (sMI) gilt die Rekonstruktion der Klappe (MKR) mithilfe eines restriktiven Anuloplastierings. Aktuelle prospektive randomisierte Studien und Metaanalysen belegen jedoch eine sehr hohe Rate an Reinsuffizienzen nach MKR. In verschiedenen Studien wurden Risikofaktoren als Prädiktoren für das erneute Auftreten einer MI identifiziert. Als Schlüsselfaktoren für die Klappe selbst gelten Winkel des anterioren und des posterioren Segels in Relation zum Mitralklappenanulus, Koaptationstiefe und Symmetrie des „tethering“. Faktoren für den linken Ventrikel sind der systolische Sphericity Index und die Lageänderung der Papillarmuskeln in Richtung apikal oder posterior sowie deren Distanz zueinander. Außerdem sind die endsystolischen und enddiastolischen linksventrikulären (LV-)Volumina und Diameter sowie das Vorhandensein von viablem Myokard maßgeblich. Im Folgenden wird die Literatur zu den einzelnen Prädiktoren zusammengefasst. Basierend darauf wird ein Algorithmus zur Therapie vorgeschlagen: Bei systolischem Sphericity Index >0,7 und Fehlen von viablem Myokard wird empfohlen, von einem chirurgischen Eingriff abzusehen und alternative Therapien wie MitraClip oder LVAD-Implantation („Left-ventricular-assist-device“-Implantation) zu bevorzugen. Liegt diese Konstellation nicht vor, muss entschieden werden, ob eine MKR oder ein Mitralklappenersatz (MKE) zu bevorzugen ist. Bei asymmetrischem Tethering, einem Winkel des posterioren Mitralklappensegels <45°, einer Koaptationstiefe <1 cm, einem linksventrikulären enddiastolischen Diameter <65 mm und einem posterioren Tethering des anterioren Segels ist eine MKR erfolgversprechend. Ansonsten ist ein MKE zu bevorzugen.

Abstract

The gold standard for treatment of secondary mitral valve regurgitation is valve reconstruction with a restrictive anuloplasty ring. Recent prospective randomized trials and meta-analyses showed that the rate of recurrence after mitral valve repair is very high. In various studies, risk factors were identified as predictors of recurrent mitral valve regurgitation. Key factors related to the valve itself were angulation of the anterior and posterior leaflets in relation to the mitral valve anulus, coaptation depth and symmetry of tethering. Factors related to the left ventricle were the systolic sphericity index and papillary muscle displacement in an apical or posterior direction and the distance between them. Additionally, the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and diameters as well as the presence of viable myocardium are relevant factors. In this article the literature on individual predictors is summarized. Based on this a treatment algorithm is proposed: for a systolic sphericity index of >0.7 and a lack of viable myocardium, surgical interventions should be avoided and alternative treatment, such as MitraClip and implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) are recommended. If this is not the case, it has to be decided if mitral valve reconstruction or replacement is the preferred strategy. When tethering is asymmetric, the posterior leaflet angulation is <45°, the coaptation depth is <1 cm, the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) is <65 mm and the anterior leaflet is tethered posteriorly and not apically, mitral valve repair is a promising option. Otherwise, mitral valve replacement should be performed.

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Correspondence to S. H. Sündermann.

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S.H. Sündermann und V. Falk geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Sündermann, S.H., Falk, V. Chirurgische Behandlung der sekundären Mitralklappeninsuffizienz. Z Herz- Thorax- Gefäßchir 31, 269–275 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00398-017-0147-0

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