Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chronische Inflammation und Biomarker

Ist Altern ein Ausdruck von chronischer Entzündung?

Chronic inflammation and biomarkers

Is ageing an expression of chronic inflammation?

  • Beiträge zum Themenschwerpunkt
  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Altern unterliegt einer hohen inter- und intraindividuellen Variation. Subklinische und manifeste kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen beschleunigen den Alterungsprozess des Organismus in einzelnen Komponenten und insgesamt. Daraus wurde gefolgert, dass chronische Inflammation ein ursächliches Modell für den Alterungsprozess darstellt, und der Begriff „inflammageing“ geprägt. Verschiedene Biomarker (C-reaktives Protein, Interleukin 6, Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor α, Fibrinogen, Albumin und Serumamyloid A) wurden in diesem Zusammenhang beschrieben. Diese Biomarker stehen im Kontext mit den Veränderungen des Immunsystems über die Lebenszeit (Immunseneszenz), viral induzierten Prozessen, dem vermehrten Auftreten von Markern für oxidativen Stress und genetischen Veränderungen. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist die Anwendung solcher Marker als Kennzeichnung für den Status des Alterungsprozesses und hinsichtlich der prognostischen Aussagekraft im mittel- und längerfristigen Zeitspektrum noch nicht zu empfehlen. Ob „inflammageing“ ein eigenständiges Modell für die Beschreibung des Alterungsprozess oder sekundärer Ausdruck anderer Mechanismen ist, bleibt Gegenstand der Diskussion.

Abstract

Ageing shows a high interindividual and intraindividual variability. Subclinical and clinical cardiovascular diseases accelerate the ageing process in part and in total. This leads to the idea that ageing is a result of a chronic inflammation process and to the term “inflammageing”. A variety of biomarkers (e.g. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, fibrinogen, albumin and serum amyloid A) are described in this context. Furthermore there is a relationship to changes in the immune system across the lifespan (immunosenescence), viral infections, the occurrence of markers of oxidative stress and genetic changes. At this point in time the role for determining ageing and its use as a prognostic tool seems to be impossible. Whether inflammageing is a valid model for describing the ageing process or is the consequence of other mechanisms needs further discussion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K et al (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 117:e25–e146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Robert-Koch-Institut (2009) Gesundheit und Krankheit im Alter. Beiträge zur Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. RKI, Berlin

  3. Dam RM van, Spiegelman D, Franco OH, Hu FB (2008) Combined impact of lifestyle factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in US women. BMJ 337:a1440

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Newman AB, Arnold AM, Naydeck BL et al (2003) „Successfull aging“: effect of subclinical cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 163:2315–2322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fried L, Kronmal RA, Newman AB et al (1998) Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 279:585–592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Khaw K-T, Wareham N, Bingham S et al (2008) Combined impact of health behaviours and mortality in men and women: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. PLoS Med 5:e12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dolan H, Crain B, Troncoso J et al (2010) Arteriosclerosis, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease in the BLSA cohort. Ann Neurol 68:231–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Beach TG, Maarouf CL, Brooks RG et al (2011) Reduced clinical and postmortem measures of cardiac pathology in subjects with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Geriatr 11:3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Flicker L (2010) Cardiovascular risk factors, cerebrovascular disease burden, and healthy brain aging. Clin Geriatr Med 26:17–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fillit H, Nash DT, Rundek T, Zuckerman A (2008) Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 6:100–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Middleton LE, Yaffe K (2009) Promising strategies for the prevention of dementia. Arch Neurol 66:1210–1215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Middleton LE, Yaffe K (2010) Targets for the prevention of dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 20:915–924

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Willett WC (2002) Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science 296:695–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC (2009) Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women. JAMA 302: 401–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Knopman DS, Roberts R (2010) Vascular risk factors: imaging and neuropathologic correlates. J Alzheimer Dis 20:699–709

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zethelius B, Berglund L, Sundström J et al (2008) Use of multiple biomarkers to improve the prediction of death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 358:2107–2116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Melander O, Newton-Cheh C, Almgren P et al (2009) Novel and conventional biomarkers for prediction of incident cardiovascular events in the community. JAMA 302:49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS et al (2008) Genetically elevated c-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. N Engl J Med 359:1897–1908

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA et al (2008) Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated c-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359:2195–2207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gurven M, Kaplan H, Winking J et al (2009) Inflammation and infection do not promote arterial aging and cardiovascular disease risk factors among lean horticulturalists. PLoS One 4:e6590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Helfand M, Buckley DL, Freeman M et al (2009) Emerging risk factors for coronary heart disease: a summary of systematic reviews conducted for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 151:496–507

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang TJ (2011) Usefulness of novel screening tests for cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 171:284–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wald NJ, Morris JK (2011) Assessing risk factors as potential screening tests. A simple assessment tool. Arch Intern Med 171:286–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2010) C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 375:132–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. C-Reactive Protein Coronary Heart Disease Genetics Collaboration (CCGC) (2011) Association between C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ 342:d548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. De Martinis M, Franceschi C, Monti D, Ginalsi L (2006) Inflammation markers predicting frailty and mortality in the elderly. Exp Mol Pathol 80:219–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gruenewald TL, Seeman TE, Ryff CD et al (2006) Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:14158–14163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Melander O, Newton-Cheh C, Almgren P et al (2009) Novel and conventional biomarkers for prediction of incident cardiovascular events in the community. JAMA 302:49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Crimmins E, Vasunilashorn S, Kim JK, Alley D (2008) Biomarkers related to aging in human populations. Adv Clin Chem 46:161–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Giunta S (2006) Is inflammaging an auto(innate)immunity subclinical syndrome? Immun Ageing 3:12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Huang H, Patel DD, Manton KG (2005) The immune system in aging: roles of cytokines, T cells and NK cells. Front Biosci 10:192–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Müller-Werdan U (2007) Inflammation and Ageing. Z Gerontol Geriatr 40:362–365

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Licastro F, Candore G, Lio D et al (2005) Innate immunity and inflammation in ageing: a key for understanding age-related diseases. Immun Ageing:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ridker PM (2007) Inflammatory biomarkers and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and total mortality: implications of longevity. Nutr Rev 65:253–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Johnson TE (2006) Recent results: biomarkers of aging. Exp Gerontol 41:1243–1246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rattan SIS (2008) Increased molecular damage and heterogeneity as the basis of aging. Biol Chem 389:267–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Franceschi C, Olivieri F, Marchegiani F et al (2005) Genes involved in immune response/inflammation, IGF1/insulin pathway and response to oxidative stress play a major role in the genetics of human longevity: the lesson of centenarians. Mech Ageing Dev 126:351–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Vaupel JW (2010) Biodemography of human ageing. Nature 464:536–542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sahin E, DePinho R (2010) Linking functional decline of telomeres, mitochondria and stem cells during ageing. Nature 464:520–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kenyon CJ (2010) The genetics of ageing. Nature 464:504–512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Knopman DS, Roberts R (2010) Vascular risk factors: imaging and neuropathologic correlates. J Alzheimer Dis 20:699–709

    Google Scholar 

  42. Savva GM, Stephan BCM; the Alzheimer’s Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group (2010) Epidemiological studies of the effect of stroke on incident dementia: a systematic review. Stroke 41:e41–e46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kwok CS, Loke YK, Hale R et al (2011) Atrial fibrillation and incidence of dementia. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 76:914–921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Peters R, Poulter R, Beckett N et al (2009) Cardiovascular and biochemical risk factors for incident dementia in the hypertension in the very elderly trial. J Hypertens 27:2055–2062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. McGuinnes B, Todd S, Passmore P, Bullock R (2009) Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD004034

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sanz C, Andrieu S, Sinclair A et al; REAL.FR Study Group (2009) Diabetes is associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 73:1359–1366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tan ZS, Seshadri S, Beiser A et al (2003) Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 163:1053–1057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rea TD, Breitner JC, Psyta BM et al (2005) Statin use and the risk of incident dementia. Arch Neurol 62:1047–1051

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McGuinnes B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P (2009) Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD003160

    Google Scholar 

  50. Plassman BL, Williams JW, Burke JR et al (2010) Systematic review: factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Ann Intern Med 153:182–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Daviglus ML, Bell CC, Berrettini W et al (2010) National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science conference statement: preventing Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline. Ann Intern Med 153:176–181

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Geriatrie, Krankenhaus Lindenbrunn, Lindenbrunn 1, 31863, Coppenbrügge, Deutschland

    D. Schmidt & M. Gogol

  2. Klinik für Geriatrie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland

    A. Kwetkat

Authors
  1. D. Schmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Kwetkat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Gogol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Schmidt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schmidt, D., Kwetkat, A. & Gogol, M. Chronische Inflammation und Biomarker. Z Gerontol Geriat 44, 153–157 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-011-0198-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-011-0198-x

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation