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The importance of ship log data: reconstructing North Atlantic, European and Mediterranean sea level pressure fields back to 1750

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Abstract

Local to regional climate anomalies are to a large extent determined by the state of the atmospheric circulation. The knowledge of large-scale sea level pressure (SLP) variations in former times is therefore crucial when addressing past climate changes across Europe and the Mediterranean. However, currently available SLP reconstructions lack data from the ocean, particularly in the pre-1850 period. Here we present a new statistically-derived 5° × 5° resolved gridded seasonal SLP dataset covering the eastern North Atlantic, Europe and the Mediterranean area (40°W–50°E; 20°N–70°N) back to 1750 using terrestrial instrumental pressure series and marine wind information from ship logbooks. For the period 1750–1850, the new SLP reconstruction provides a more accurate representation of the strength of the winter westerlies as well as the location and variability of the Azores High than currently available multiproxy pressure field reconstructions. These findings strongly support the potential of ship logbooks as an important source to determine past circulation variations especially for the pre-1850 period. This new dataset can be further used for dynamical studies relating large-scale atmospheric circulation to temperature and precipitation variability over the Mediterranean and Eurasia, for the comparison with outputs from GCMs as well as for detection and attribution studies.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for accessing instrumental pressure series as well as information from the CLIWOC project. A. Moberg and P. Woodworth kindly provided the instrumental pressure series from Stockholm and Liverpool. The authors thank Franz Kuglitsch for homogenizing the instrumental pressure series. MK, JL, and EX have been supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through its National Center of Competence in Research on Climate (NCCR Climate) project PALVAREX2. MK and DG were also supported by the European Science Foundation (ESF) activity entitled Mediterranean Climate Variability and Predictability (MedCLIVAR). EX has also been supported by the EU/FP6 project CIRCE (grant 036961), JL by the EU/FP7 project ACQWA (grant 212250), MB and DW by the MILLENNIUM Project (IP 017008-2), PDJ by the U.S. Department of Energy (grant DE-FG02-98ER62601). RA was supported by the international ACRE (atmospheric circulation reconstructions over the Earth) initiative. ACRE is an international collaborative project led by a consortium of the Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence (QCCCE) in Australia, the Met Office Hadley Centre in the UK, and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the University of Colorado. This publication was financially supported by the Foundation Marchese Francesco Medici del Vascello. Finally, we thank the reviewers for the constructive comments that improved the quality of the paper. The SLP reconstruction is available from the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleo.html.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), and Institute of Geography, Climatology and Meteorology, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    M. Küttel, E. Xoplaki, J. Luterbacher & H. Wanner

  2. The Cyprus Institute, EEWRC, Nicosia, Cyprus

    E. Xoplaki

  3. Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, 41013, Sevilla, Spain

    D. Gallego

  4. Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

    J. Luterbacher

  5. Departamento de Física de la Tierra II, Facultad de CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    R. García-Herrera

  6. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK

    R. Allan

  7. Department of Modern History, University of Barcelona, 08001, Barcelona, Spain

    M. Barriendos

  8. Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

    P. D. Jones

  9. Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, SR1 3PZ, UK

    D. Wheeler

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  1. M. Küttel
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Correspondence to M. Küttel.

Electronic supplementary material

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Seasonal average number of records per 8° x 8° grid box CLIWOC 2.1 1750-1850 (PDF 1061 kb)

382_2009_577_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Temporal evolution of the seasonal u-vector [m/s] 1850-2002 for different 8° x 8° grid boxes spread across the North Atlantic using the full, i.e. not sampled ICOADS data set (black thick line) and sampling ICOADS according to the average number of records in a particular grid box in CLIWOC 1750-1850 (see supp. Online Fig. 1). The red line is based on one single sampling iteration, the blue line is the median of 5 iterations. The title of each box indicates the centre of the grid box and the average number of records of this particular box in CLIWOC 1750-1850 and ICOADS 1850-2002, respectively. The legend in the box refers to the mean and standard deviation of the series over the 153 year period (PDF 359 kb)

382_2009_577_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Spring mean SLP from independent instrumental pressures series (red lines) and as reconstructed at the corresponding 5°x5° grid box (black lines) for Palermo (Barriendos et al. 2009), Liverpool (Woodworth 2006), and Stockholm (Moberg et al. 2002). The correlation coefficients are 0.73 (Palermo), 0.64 (Liverpool), and 0.87 (Stockholm), all significant at the 99% significance level (PDF 210 kb)

382_2009_577_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

As Supp. Online Fig. 3, but for summer. The correlation coefficients are 0.68 (Palermo), 0.35 (Liverpool), and 0.82 (Stockholm), all except for Liverpool (p<0.1) being significant at the 99% significance level (PDF 213 kb)

382_2009_577_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

As Supp. Online Fig. 3, but for autumn. The correlation coefficients are 0.69 (Palermo), 0.87 (Liverpool), and 0.88 (Stockholm), all significant at the 99% significance level (PDF 208 kb)

Overview of the instrumental pressure series (PDF 72 kb)

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Küttel, M., Xoplaki, E., Gallego, D. et al. The importance of ship log data: reconstructing North Atlantic, European and Mediterranean sea level pressure fields back to 1750. Clim Dyn 34, 1115–1128 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0577-9

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