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High velocity impingement of single droplets on a dry smooth surface

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Abstract

The vertical impact of single, mono disperse water droplets on a dry smooth surface was studied experimentally by means of shadowgraphy. A glass substrate was mounted on a rotating wheel to obtain high impact velocities. The droplets were generated on demand. While the Ohnesorge number was kept constant, Weber number and Reynolds number were varied by adjusting the impact velocity. In all performed experiments, splashing was observed. The distinction of the different measurement series was done by the use of the Weber number. The different Weber numbers were, 3,500, 5,000 and 10,000. Phase-locked images were taken and the temporal evolution of the impact was reconstructed by means of the nondimensional impingement time. The outcome of the measurement was analysed by digital image processing to quantify the distribution of the diameter of the resulting secondary droplets in size and time as well as their velocity, and the total deposited mass fraction remaining on the surface after the impingement. In all cases, the greater part of the impinging primary droplet remained on the substrate.

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Abbreviations

c :

Nondimensional coefficient (1)

d :

Diameter (m)

F :

Force (N)

H :

Falling height (m)

m :

Mass (kg)

n :

Natural number (1)

R :

Radius of impact (m)

R a :

Surface roughness (m)

r :

Radial position (m)

s :

Arc length (m)

T a :

Approximate period of substitution (s)

t :

Time (s)

V :

Volume (m3)

v :

Velocity (m s−1)

x, y, z :

Cartesian coordinates (m)

δ :

Depth of field (m)

\(\varepsilon\) :

Segment angle (rad)

η :

Deposited mass fraction (1)

\(\zeta\) :

Weighting factor (1)

μ :

Dynamic viscosity (N s m−2)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

σ :

Surface tension (N m−1)

τ k :

Characteristic kinematic time scale (s)

ω :

Angular frequency (s−1)

* :

Quantity explicitly dimensioned

cent:

Centrifugal

crit:

Critical

cor:

Coriolis

drag:

Drag

dyn:

Dynamic

D:

Primary droplet

f:

Frontal

g:

Gas, air

I :

Counter of images

imp:

Impact

i, j :

Indices

l:

Liquid

l:

Lateral

l,g:

Interface liquid—gas

max:

Maximum

min:

Minimum

nom:

Nominal

m :

Individual mode

q :

Interval of impingement time

r:

Rotational

sub:

Substrate

tot:

Total

K :

K-parameter

Oh :

Ohnesorge number

Re :

Reynolds number

We :

Weber number

est:

Estimation

voi:

Volume of interest

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully thank Cameron Tropea for his discerning annotation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany

    Benjamin W. Faßmann

  2. Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universtität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Stephan E. Bansmer, Thorsten J. Möller & Rolf Radespiel

  3. Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg, Germany

    Michael Hartmann

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  1. Benjamin W. Faßmann
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  2. Stephan E. Bansmer
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  3. Thorsten J. Möller
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Correspondence to Benjamin W. Faßmann.

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Faßmann, B.W., Bansmer, S.E., Möller, T.J. et al. High velocity impingement of single droplets on a dry smooth surface. Exp Fluids 54, 1516 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-013-1516-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-013-1516-4

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