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Ontogenetic and spatial variability in trophic biomarkers of juvenile saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) from the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering Seas

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Abstract

Climate models indicate the Arctic will undergo dramatic environmental change with forecasted increases in temperature and river runoff. Saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) is abundant in nearshore waters and appears in the diet of many Arctic sea birds and marine mammals; however, little is known about its early ecology and consequently how they might be affected by environmental changes. We aimed to characterize the mechanisms of spatial and ontogenetic variation in trophic biomarkers (lipid classes, fatty acids and bulk C and N stable isotopes) of saffron cod from the Western Arctic, Chukchi and Bering Seas. Size-standardized analyses showed a significant difference in lipid condition metrics and trophic biomarkers as a function of survey location. Both ontogeny and sampling location played an important role in determining lipid stores with elevated levels in both small offshore juveniles (<55 mm) and larger inshore juveniles (>75 mm). Higher lipid storage in Arctic juveniles was associated with elevated levels of diatom fatty acid markers, but not with nearshore carbon input. Increased lipids were found in age-1 juveniles from Prudhoe Bay in the Western Beaufort that were feeding at a lower trophic level than similarly sized age-0 juveniles from surface trawls in the Bering Sea. The use of otolith annuli revealed two discrete patterns of growth that help explain the trade-offs between energy storage and rapid growth that diverge between the Arctic and Bering Sea. Laboratory temperature-growth experiments confirmed that saffron cod have a eurythermal growth response and are able to store excess lipids at temperatures as high as 20 °C.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the field crews of the Arctic EIS survey and the ACES survey for helping with the collections of saffron cod in 2012. Fish in this study were supplied from field collections that were supported by both the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and Coastal Impact Assistance Programs (CIAP). We would like to thank Dr. Franz Mueter for helpful advice and coordination of the large Arctic EIS project. We would also like to acknowledge Michele Ottmar, Scott Hains, Paul Iseri and Chris Magel for help with saffron cod husbandry. Finally, we would like to thank the North Pacific Research Board for Grant # 1228 that supported our research on juvenile Arctic gadids. This is NPRB publication number 571.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Sciences Dr., Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Louise A. Copeman

  2. Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Sciences Dr., Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Louise A. Copeman, Angie L. Sremba & Karolin Klinck

  3. Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2030 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Benjamin J. Laurel & Mara L. Spencer

  4. Marine Sciences Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Sciences Building, 3000 NE 151st street, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA

    Kevin M. Boswell

  5. Recruitment Energetics and Coastal Assessment Program, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Ted Stephens Marine Research Institute, Auke Bay Laboratories, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA

    Ron A. Heintz & Johanna J. Vollenweider

  6. Age and Growth Program, Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA

    Thomas E. Helser

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  1. Louise A. Copeman
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  2. Benjamin J. Laurel
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  3. Kevin M. Boswell
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  7. Johanna J. Vollenweider
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  8. Thomas E. Helser
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Correspondence to Louise A. Copeman.

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This article belongs to the special issue on the “Ecology of Arctic Gadids”, coordinated by Franz Mueter, Jasmine Nahrgang, John Nelson, and Jørgen Berge.

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Copeman, L.A., Laurel, B.J., Boswell, K.M. et al. Ontogenetic and spatial variability in trophic biomarkers of juvenile saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) from the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering Seas. Polar Biol 39, 1109–1126 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1792-y

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