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Health evaluation of wild gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in the Antarctic Peninsula

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Abstract

Historically wildlife conservation was based on habitat protection and exploitation control. Only recently have diseases been considered an important issue. However, pathogens are usually described during or after disease outbreaks, but to determine which pathogens may be emerging, surveys of wildlife health are critical in a given time. This study deals with the health status of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua in two localities at the Antarctica Peninsula and one at Ardley Island off the South Shetland Islands. Cloacal swaps, fresh fecal samples, ectoparasites, and blood smears were collected. We examined and dissected 14 penguin corpses found dead. Fecal samples were positive for Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and in the carcasses four endoparasitic species were found: Diphyllobothrium sp. and Parorchites zederi, Corynosoma shackletoni and Stegophorus adeliae. The tick Ixodes uriae occurred in five of the examined penguins, and the louse Austrogoniodes gressitti on six birds. From the colony grounds, we collected 1,184 I. uriae. We recorded antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as E. coli, in ecosystems where gentoo penguins breed. Cloacal samples (300) were negative for Chlamydia, as well as for Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli, Newcastle and Influenza viruses.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Instituto Antártico Chileno for financing the research project INACH T-27-10: “The common seabird tick Ixodes uriae White, 1852 as vector of pathogenic virus, bacteria and protozoa to penguins of the Antarctic environment”, which made this study possible. Also, we thank the staff of the Chilean Antarctic bases Bernardo O’Higgins and Gabriel González Videla for their help and assistance during our field work. We are grateful to Diane Haughney for her improvement of the English text and to Juan Pablo Villarroel providing figure 1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, Casilla 537, Chillán, Chile

    Daniel González-Acuña, Alejandra Latorre, Nicolas Martín, Karolina Araya, Iván Torres & Nicolás Fernandez

  2. Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden

    Jorge Hernández & Bjorn Olsen

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Lucila Moreno

  4. Section of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden

    Bjorn Herrmann

  5. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand

    Ricardo Palma

  6. Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile

    Gonzalo Medina-Vogel

  7. Helm West Lab, 2108 Hilda Avenue, Missoula, MT, 59801, USA

    Mike J. Kinsella

  8. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden

    Bjorn Olsen

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  1. Daniel González-Acuña
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Correspondence to Daniel González-Acuña.

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González-Acuña, D., Hernández, J., Moreno, L. et al. Health evaluation of wild gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 36, 1749–1760 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1394-5

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