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Akute Leukämien des Erwachsenen

Acute leukemia in adults

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Prognose erwachsener Patienten mit akuten Leukämien hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren durch die Einführung neuer diagnostischer und therapeutischer Verfahren sowie Fortschritte im Bereich der supportiven Therapie stetig verbessert.

Methodik

Dieser Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über aktuell verfügbare Optionen und die klinische Herangehensweise zur Diagnostik und Therapie akuter Leukämien.

Ergebnisse

Neben Alter und Performance-Status des Patienten erlauben zytogenetische und molekulare Marker Schlussfolgerungen über den individuellen Risikostatus und die erforderliche Intensität der Systemtherapie. Die Durchführung einer allogenen Blutstammzelltransplantation steht zunehmend auch älteren Patienten zur Verfügung, ist jedoch weiterhin mit einer teilweise erheblichen Langzeitmorbidität behaftet. Bei jüngeren Patienten mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie (AML) wird nach wie vor eine klassische Induktionschemotherapie mit einem Anthracyclin und Cytarabin durchgeführt. Patienten mit zytogenetisch bzw. molekulargenetisch determiniertem intermediärem oder erhöhtem Risikoprofil profitieren nach erreichter Remission von einer primären allogenen Blutstammzelltransplantation in erster Remission. Die Prognose älterer Patienten mit AML wird durch die Einführung demethylierender Substanzen positiv beeinflusst. Patienten mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie (ALL) werden primär mit komplexen sequenziellen Therapieschemata in Anlehnung an etablierte Therapieverfahren der kindlichen ALL therapiert, eine allogene Stammzelltransplantation wird bei biologisch oder zytogenetisch determinierten Hochrisikogruppen angestrebt. Während bei der ALL eine „targeted therapy“ bei Patienten mit einer bcr-abl-positiven Leukämie fest etabliert ist und die Remissionsrate sowie das Langzeitüberleben erheblich verbessert hat, stehen vergleichbare Konzepte bei der AML derzeit erst am Anfang. Die verbesserte Standardisierung und Erweiterung supportiver therapeutischer Maßnahmen, insbesondere durch die Einführung moderner Antimykotika, hat einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Prognose von Patienten mit akuten Leukämien geleistet.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die verbesserten diagnostischen und therapeutischen Möglichkeiten bei Patienten mit akuten Leukämien erfordern ein komplexes Management. Von molekular zielgerichteten Therapiestrategien profitieren derzeit nur Subgruppen von Patienten. Eine Behandlung im Rahmen von Studien und an spezialisierten Zentren ist anzustreben.

Abstract

Background

The prognosis of adult patients with acute leukemia has continuously improved over the years due to the introduction of new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and progress in the field of supportive therapy.

Methods

This article gives an overview of the currently available options and the clinical approach to the diagnostics and therapy of acute leukemia.

Results

The standardization as well as improvements in diagnostic procedures, in particular by immunocytological and genetic procedures, allow a more rapid determination of the exact diagnosis. In addition to age and performance status of patients, an established panel of cytogenetic and molecular markers allows an individual risk stratification for selecting the most appropriate therapeutic procedure for each patient. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) younger patients with genetically determined intermediate and poor risk status benefit from allogeneic stem cell transplantation whereas patients in the low risk group are still primarily treated with conventional induction chemotherapy with anthracycline and cytarabine. The poor prognosis of elderly patients with AML has been improved by the development of stem cell transplantation procedures with reduced intensity conditioning and for patients not suitable for stem cell transplantation, the introduction of less toxic demethylating substances allows a substantial improvement in outcome and quality of life compared to cytoreductive therapy alone. The additional role of targeted therapies in AML is still under investigation. In adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the standard systemic therapy still consists of complex cytotoxic regimens which have been modified from pediatric protocols. Biologically and genetically determined subgroups of ALL patients as well as poor responders, who can be identified by the detection of significant molecular determined residual disease (MRD) after standard therapy, benefit from allogeneic transplantation in first remission. In patients with bcr-abl positive ALL, the implementation of first and second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors has led to rapidly rising response rates and less toxicity. Patients with relapsed ALL may benefit from new molecular options, e.g. bispecific antibodies. Additionally, improved standardization and supportive care, particularly due to the introduction of modern antimycotic agents, increase the treatment options and improve the prognosis of patients with acute leukemia.

Conclusion

The improved diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with acute leukemia require a complex management. Currently only subgroups of patients benefit from molecular targeted therapeutic strategies. Due to this increasing complexity in the management, patients with acute leukemia should be treated in academic centers and within clinical trials.

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Correspondence to E. Eigendorff.

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Interessenkonflikt

E. Eigendorff: Honorare und Reisekostenübernahme (Novartis, BMS, Celgene, Pfizer). A. Hochhaus: Forschungsunterstützung und Honorare (Novartis, BMS, Ariad, Pfizer, MSD).

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Additional information

Erstveröffentlichung in Der Onkologe (2015) 21:533-550, doi:10.1007/s00761-015-2971-8. Die Teilnahme an der zertifizierten Fortbildung ist nur einmal möglich.

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Eigendorff, E., Hochhaus, A. Akute Leukämien des Erwachsenen. Pathologe 36, 503–519 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0087-y

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