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Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen

Auf das Muster kommt es an

Interstitial lung diseases

The pattern is important

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Zusammenfassung

Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen (ILE) sind relativ seltene Erkrankungen mit einer geschätzten Inzidenz von 10–25/100.000 Einwohner, wobei die Inzidenz nach dem 65. Lebensjahr deutlich ansteigt. Die Prognose hängt von der Ursache ab. Sie zeigen radiologisch und histologisch charakteristische Muster, die jedoch nicht krankheitsspezifisch sind. Lässt sich aus dem klinischen Bild und dem High-resolution(HR)-CT-Befund keine eindeutige Ätiopathogenese ableiten, werden thorakoskopisch Lungenkeile aus 3 Etagen (oder bronchoskopisch transbronchiale Biopsien) gewonnen.

Es werden ILE bekannter Ursache (z. B. kollagenose-/medikamentenassoziiert), idiopathische interstitielle Pneumonien (IIP), granulomatöse ILE (z. B. Sarkoidose) und andere Formen der ILE (z. B. Langerhans-Zell-Histiozytose) unterschieden. Bei den IIPs werden von der idiopathischen Lungenfibrose (IPF) 6 andere Formen abgegrenzt. Hierzu zählen die desquamative interstitielle Pneumonie (DIP), die respiratorische Bronchiolitis-interstitielle Lungenerkrankung (RB-ILE), die nichtspezifische interstitielle Pneumonie (NSIP), die lymphozytäre interstitielle Pneumonie (LIP), die kryptogen organisierende Pneumonie (COP) und die akute interstitielle Pneumonie (AIP). Zusätzlich besteht die Gruppe der unklassifizierbaren interstitiellen Pneumonien. Der Pathologe muss das histologische Muster erkennen und benennen können. In der interdisziplinären Diskussion erfolgt die Zuweisung zu einer Entität. Die Kenntnis dieser Muster und ihrer histologischen Differenzialdiagnosen ist essenziell, da die Therapie von der Entität abhängt. Sie reicht von der Beseitigung der Ursache (falls bekannt) über den Beginn einer antifibrogenen medikamentösen Behandlung bis hin zur Transplantationslistung.

Abstract

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a number of rare entities with an estimated incidence of 10–25 per 100,000 inhabitants but the incidence greatly increases beyond the age of 65 years. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause. The fibrotic disorders show a set of radiological and histopathological patterns that are distinct but not entirely specific. In the absence of a clear clinical picture and consistent high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings, patients are advised to undergo surgical lung biopsies from two or three lung lobes (or transbronchial biopsies) to determine the histopathological pattern. The ILDs are differentiated into disorders of known causes (e.g. collagen vascular disease, drug-related), idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), granulomatous ILDs (e.g. sarcoidosis) and other forms of ILD (e.g. Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis). The IIPs encompass idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), non-specific interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease, cryptogen organizing pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia. Additionally, a category of unclassified interstitial pneumonia exists. The pathologist has to recognize and address the histopathological pattern. In a multidisciplinary discussion the disorder is allocated to a clinicopathological entity and the histopathological pattern plays a major role in the classification of the entity. Recognition of the underlying pattern and the respective histopathological differential diagnoses is important as the therapy varies depending on the cause and ranges from elimination of the stimulus (if possible) to antifibrotic drug therapy up to preparation for lung transplantation.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. L. Fink gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Fink, L. Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen. Pathologe 35, 597–605 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1923-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-014-1923-1

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