Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) hybrids were prepared based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and octapropylglycidylether POSS (OGPOSS). The morphology of EP/OGPOSS hybrids was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the glass transition temperature (T g) of the hybrids decreased with the increase of OGPOSS content. This phenomenon was ascribed to the increased free volume with the addition of bulky OGPOSS. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis indicated that all the epoxy hybrids displayed similar degradation profiles, suggesting that OGPOSS did not change the mechanism of EP. The incorporation of OGPOSS into EP matrix produced high char yields at high temperatures, suggesting improved flame retardancy. Microscale combustion colorimeter tests showed that incorporation of OGPOSS into epoxy thermosets could significantly improve the flame retardancy. The increasing OGPOSS content into EP matrix exhibited a decreasing trend in the values of dielectric constant compared with those of neat EP.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Schwab JJ, Lichtenhan JD (1998) Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(POSS)-based polymers. Appl Organomet Chem 12:707–713
Pittman CU, Li GZ, Ni H (2003) Hybrid inorganic/organic crosslinked resins containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Macromol Symp 196:301–325
Baney RH, Itoh M, Sakakibara A, Suzuki T (1995) Silsesquioxanes. Chem Rev 95:1409–1430
Xu H, Xie P, Zhang R (2001) Synthesis and characterization of oligomeric silsesquioxane with pendent carboxylic acid groups. Eur Polym J 37:2397–2405
Bharadwaj RK, Berry RJ, Farmer BL (2000) Molecular dynamics simulation study of norbornene–POSS polymers. Polymer 41:7209–7221
Wu K, Song L, Hu Y, Lu HD, Kandola BK, Kandare E (2009) Synthesis and characterization of a functional polyhedral oligomericsilsesquioxane and its flame retardancy in epoxy resin. Prog Org Coat 65:490–497
Wang X, Hu Y, Song L, Xing WY, Lu HD (2010) Thermal degradation behaviors of epoxy resin/POSS hybrids and phosphorus–silicon synergism of flame retardancy. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 48:693–705
Zhang WC, Li XM, Yang RJ (2011) Novel flame retardancy effects of DOPO-POSS on epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 96:2167–2173
Zhang ZP, Gu AJ, Liang GZ, Ren PG, Xie JQ, Wang XL (2007) Thermo-oxygen degradation mechanisms of POSS/epoxy nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 92:1986–1993
Mya KY, He CB, Huang JC, Xiao Y, Dai J, Siow YP (2004) Preparation and thermomechanical properties of epoxy resins modified by octafunctional cubic silsesquioxane epoxides. J Polym Sci Pol Chem 42:3490–3503
Ni Y, Zheng S, Nie K (2004) Morphology and thermal properties of inorganic–organic hybrids involving epoxy resin and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Polymer 45:5557–5568
Teo JKH, Teo KC, Pan BH, Xiao Y, Lu XH (2007) Epoxy/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrid networks cured with an anhydride: cure kinetics and thermal properties. Polymer 48:5671–5680
Fu BX, Namani M, Lee A (2003) Influence of phenyl-trisilanol polyhedral silsesquioxane on properties of epoxy network glasses. Polymer 44:7739–7747
Su CH, Chiu YP, Teng CC, Chiang CL (2010) Preparation, characterization and thermal properties of organic–inorganic composites involving epoxy and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). J Polym Res 17:673–681
Nagendiran S, Alagar M, Hamerton I (2010) Octasilsesquioxane-reinforced DGEBA and TGDDM epoxy nanocomposites: characterization of thermal, dielectric and morphological properties. Acta Mater 58:3345–3356
Lee A, Lichtenhan JD (1998) Viscoelastic responses of polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane reinforced epoxy systems. Macromolecules 31:4970–4974
Franchini E, Galy J, Gérard JF, Tabuani D, Medici A (2009) Influence of POSS structure on the fire retardant properties of epoxy hybrid networks. Polym Degrad Stab 94:1728–1736
Meenakshi KS, Sudhan EPJ, Kumar SA, Umapathy MJ (2011) Development of siloxane based tetraglycidyl epoxy nanocomposites for high performance applications—study of the mechanical, thermal, water absorption and flame retardant behaviour. Silicon 3:45–52
Liu Y, Zheng S, Nie K (2005) Epoxy nanocomposites with octa (propylglycidyl ether) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Polymer 46:12016–12025
Liu H, Zheng S, Nie K (2005) Morphology and thermomechanical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid composites involving epoxy resin and an incompletely condensed polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Macromolecules 38:5088–5097
Zhang Z, Gu A, Liang G, Ren P, Xie J, Wang X (2007) Thermo-oxygen degradation mechanisms of POSS/epoxy nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 92:1986–1993
Xu H, Kuo SW, Lee JS, Chang FC (2002) Preparations, thermal properties, and T g increase mechanism of inorganic/organic hybrid polymers based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Macromolecules 35:8788–8793
Devaraju S, Vengatesan MR, Alagar M (2011) Studies on thermal and dielectric properties of ether linked cyclohexyl diamine (ELCD)-based polyimide POSS nanocomposites (POSS-PI). High Perform Polym 23:99–111
Fu T, Zhao C, Zhong S, Zhang G, Shao K, Zhang H, Wang J, Na H (2007) SPEEK/epoxy resin composite membranes in situ polymerization for direct methanol fell cell usages. J Power Sources 165:708–716
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Zhang, W. & Guan, D. Preparation and properties of epoxy resin/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrid materials. Polym. Bull. 73, 113–123 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1475-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1475-4