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Immune responses to airborne fungi and non-invasive airway diseases

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Abstract

Inhalation of fungal particles is a ubiquitous way of exposure to microorganisms during human life; however, this exposure may promote or exacerbate respiratory diseases only in particular exposure conditions and human genetic background. Depending on the fungal species and form, fungal particles can induce symptoms in the lung by acting as irritants, aeroallergens or pathogens causing infection. Some thermophilic species can even act in all these three ways (e.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium), mesophilic species being only involved in allergic and/or non-allergic airway diseases (e.g. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium). The goal of the present review is to present the current knowledge on the interaction between airborne fungal particles and the host immune system, to illustrate the differences of immune sensing of different fungal species and to emphasise the importance of conducting research on non-conventional mesophilic fungal species. Indeed, the diversity of fungal species we inhale and the complexity of their composition have a direct impact on fungal particle recognition and immune system decision to tolerate or respond to those particles, eventually leading to collateral damages promoting airway pathologies.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been financially supported by an interdisciplinary grant from the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the University of Lausanne (Switzerland) to H.N.H. and T.R., the Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (France, grant 2011/1/087) to H.N.H., and by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program [FP7-2007-2013] under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2010-260338–ALLFUN and by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation to T.R. (grant 320030_149511).

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All the authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service of Occupational Hygiene, Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Biopole 1 Building, Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland

    Gaëlle Vacher & Hélène Niculita-Hirzel

  2. Infectious Diseases Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland

    Thierry Roger

  3. Infectious Diseases Service, CLE/D04/407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland

    Thierry Roger

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  1. Gaëlle Vacher
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  2. Hélène Niculita-Hirzel
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  3. Thierry Roger
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Correspondence to Hélène Niculita-Hirzel or Thierry Roger.

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Hélène Niculita-Hirzel and Thierry Roger are joint senior authors

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Vacher, G., Niculita-Hirzel, H. & Roger, T. Immune responses to airborne fungi and non-invasive airway diseases. Semin Immunopathol 37, 83–96 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0471-3

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