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Value of preoperative coagulation tests: Reappraisal of major noncardiac surgery

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Abstract

In a retrospective case-control review, we evaluated preoperative coagulation testing in patients undergoing major noncardiac operations to determine if routine testing benefits this group of patients. The platelet count (PC), prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in all patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery over a 22-month period were reviewed. The review was done both manually and by the computerized hospital information system. Major surgery was defined as procedures usually associated with significant bleeding. For each patient with abnormal results, another two control patients undergoing the same surgery and matched for age and gender were identified. Case and control patients were compared regarding a change in the management plan, use of blood products, blood loss, and bleeding complications by detailed chart review. A total of 828 patients undergoing nine different surgeries were reviewed. The incidence of abnormal PCs was 2.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–3.2%] and that of abnormal PT/aPTTs was 2.1% (95% CI 1.1–3.1%). There were only two cases each of thrombocytopenia and prolonged PT/aPTT where the coagulation tests were not indicated clinically. Although (compared to controls) patients with abnormal tests had more changes in their anesthesia plan (36% vs. 2%, p<0.001) and platelet or fresh frozen plasma transfusions (50% vs. 9%, p<0.001), blood loss and the incidence of bleeding complications were not different. We conclude that the use of preoperative coagulation tests in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery should still be guided by clinical assessment. The surgical procedure itself does not constitute an indication for testing.

Résumé

Dans une revue rétrospective de cas-témoin, nous avons cherché à savoir si un bilan de coagulation systématique pouvait être utile chez les patients opérés d’une intervention majeure non-cardiaque. On a analysé les résultats de la numération plaquettaire (NP), le taux de prothrombine (TP) et le temps de thromboplastine partielle activée (TTPA) chez tous les patients ayant eu une intervention chirurgicale majeure non cardiaque pendant une péroide de 22 mois. La revue a été effectuée manuellement et par un système informatique hospitalier. La chirurgie majeure a été définie comme un procédé où on pouvait observer une hémorragie importante. Pour chaque patient ayant un résultat anormal, on a identifié deux autres patients de contrôle ayant eu le même type de chirurgie, et apparié pour l’âge et sexe. Par une revue détaillée du dossier médical, on a pu comparer les modifications du traitement, l’utilisation de produits sanguins, les pertes sanguines, et les complications hémorrhagiques. On a revu les dossiers de 828 patients ayant eu neuf types différents de chirurgie. L’incidence de NP anormale était de 2.2% (IC 95%: 1.2–3.2%) et celle d’un TP/TTPA anormal de 2.1% (IC 95%: 1.1–3.1%). Il y avait seulement deux cas de thrombocytopenic ou d’allongement du TP/TTPÀ lorsque les tests de coagulation n’étaient pas indiqués initialement. Bien que, comparé aux contrôles, il y avait plus de patients avec des tests anormaux qui avaient un changement du type d’anesthésie (36% vs. 2%, p<0.001), nécessitant des transfusions de plaquettes ou de plasma frais (50% vs. 9%, p<0.001), les pertes sanguines et l’incidence de complications hémorragiques ne différaient pas. Nous avons conclu que la demande des tests de coagulation préopératoires chez les patients devant avoir une chirurgie majeure noncardiaque doit toujours être guidée par l’évaluation clinique. Le procédé chirurgical en lui-même ne constitue pas l’indication d’un bilan de coagulation.

Resumen

Mediante una revisión retrospectiva de casos-controles, se hizo la evaluación de las pruebas de coagulación preoperatorias en pacientes sometidos a operaciones no cardíacas con el objeto de determinar si la realización rutinaria de éstas es de beneficio. Se practicaron las siguientes pruebas en todos los pacientes sometidos a este tipo de cirugía en un periodo de 22 meses: recuento de plaquetas (RP), tiempo de protombina (PT) y tiempo parcial de tromboplastina activada (aPTT). La revisión fue hecha manualmente y mediante el sistema de información computadorizada del hospital. Se definió la cirugía mayor como la que involucra procedimientos que usualmente se acompañan de sangrado significativo. Por cada paciente con resultados anormales, se identificaron otros dos pacientes control sometidos al mismo tipo de cirugía y de edad y sexo similares. Los pacientes del estudio y los controles fueron comparados en relación a un cambio de manejo, al uso de sangre y sus productos, a la pérdida de sangre y a las complicaciones hemorrágicas mediante meticuloso análisis de las historias clínicas. En total se revisaron 828 pacientes sometidos a 9 tipos diferentes de cirugía. La incidencia de RP anormal fue 2.2% (95% IC: 1.2–3.2%), y la de PT/aPTT fue 2.1% (95% IC: 1.1–3.1%). Sólo se encontraron dos casos, cada uno de trombocitopenia y de PT/aPTT, en que Sas pruebas de coagulación no aparecían clínicamente indicadas. Aunque en comparación con los controles los pacientes con pruebas anormales exhibieron más cambios en el plan de anestesia (36% vs. 2%, p<0.001) y transfusión de plaquetas o de plasma fresco congelado (50% vs. 9%, p<0.001), la pérdida de sangre y la incidencia de complicaciones hemorrágicas no fueron diferentes. Nuestra conclusión es que la orden de pruebas de coagulación preoperatorias en pacientes que van a ser sometidos a cirugía mayor no cardíaca, debe ser guiada por la evaluación clínica. El procedimiento quirúrgico, de por sí, no constituye una indicación para ordenarlas.

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Correspondence to Kwok F. J. Ng M.B.Ch.B..

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Published Online: February 6, 2002

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Ng, K.F.J., Lai, K.W. & Tsang, S.F. Value of preoperative coagulation tests: Reappraisal of major noncardiac surgery. World J. Surg. 26, 515–520 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-001-0260-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-001-0260-8

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