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Geographical gradients of marine herbivorous fishes: patterns and processes

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Abstract

We present new data and the first rigorous analysis of latitudinal and thermal gradients of diversity, density and biomass of marine herbivorous fishes and review proposed explanatory mechanisms. Consistently, negative relationships between latitude, and positive relationships between sea surface temperature (SST), and relative richness and relative abundance of herbivorous fishes were found worldwide. Significant differences in the strength of gradients of richness and abundance with latitude and SST between tropical and extratropical zones were found consistently across ocean basins. Standardized sampling along the western Atlantic also showed negative relationships between latitude and total density and biomass. The trends, however, are driven by different components of the fish assemblages (i.e., scarids in the Caribbean and acanthurids in Brazil). Patterns of abundance along thermal gradients, generally associated with extensive latitudinal gradients, also were found at the local scale. Feeding rate of the ocean surgeonfish Acanthurus bahianus decreases with temperature more rapidly than the mean metabolic rate of teleost fishes. This relationship suggests a temperature-related physiological constraint. From the new standardized and comparative data presented and the review of the explanatory hypotheses, we conclude that temperature-related feeding and digestive processes are most likely involved in the distribution patterns of herbivorous fishes.

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Acknowledgments

We thank K. Lafferty, A. Clark, M. Francis, J.H. Choat, P. Munday, S.C. Pennings, B. Hawkins, P. Buston, J.P. Barreiros, R.L. Moura, R. Stevens, D. Vázquez, F. Campón and A. Moles for exchanging ideas and/or providing unpublished records and literature. S.R.F. and C.E.L.F. thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute for the STV grants for working in Panama; J.L. Gasparini, O.J. Luiz-Júnior, W. Krohling, M. Hostin, J.P. Barreiros, L.C. Gerhardinger, A.G.V. Floeter, IEAPM staff and D.R. Roberston (STRI) for invaluable help in the field and logistical support; Padi Aware Foundation, UENF and Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (to S.R.F.), WWF (to C.E.L.F.) for financial support. Collection of data by M.J.P. was supported by the National Center for Caribbean Coral Reef Research through EPA grant# R828020 (Upper Florida Keys); NOAA-Fisheries Coral Reef Initiative (Key West), NSF grant OCE 0095955 to R.K. Cowen and C. Hughes (Caribbean), NOAA’s “Coral Reef Conservation Grant” (2003) to R.S. Steneck, National Undersea Research Center Caribbean Marine Research Center and the Pew Fellows Program for Marine Conservation Collaborative Grant (with T. McClanahan) (Bonaire); M.J.P. thanks M. Sullivan, K. Grorud-Colvert, A.L. Chapin, T. Boone, T.B. Smith, J. Llopiz, J. Purcell, M. Sullivan, R.K. Cowen, R.S. Steneck and S.M. Shellito for field support; M.W. Miller for field and logistical support as well as for facilitating the collaboration with S.R.F.; M.D.B. acknowledges the University of California Marine Council grant 01TCEQI081080 for essential funding. M.H.H. acknowledges NSF grant OCE-9906857 for financial support. This work was conducted while S.R.F. was Postdoctoral Associate at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a center funded by NSF (Grant DEB-0072909) and the University of California, Santa Barbara.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, 735 State Street Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101-5504, USA

    S. R. Floeter

  2. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA

    M. D. Behrens

  3. Departamento de Oceanografia, IEAPM, Rua Kioto 253, Arraial do Cabo, RJ, 28930-000, Brazil

    C. E. L. Ferreira

  4. Division of Marine Biology & Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    M. J. Paddack

  5. Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92834-6850, USA

    M. H. Horn

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  1. S. R. Floeter
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Floeter, S.R., Behrens, M.D., Ferreira, C.E.L. et al. Geographical gradients of marine herbivorous fishes: patterns and processes. Marine Biology 147, 1435–1447 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0027-0

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