Statistical inferences accounting for human behavior

Abstract

While giving subjective responses, a small fraction of respondents overstate or understate their true status. The extent of over (or under) evaluation and the proportions of such respondents differs from population to population. These biases alter the significance level and power of the commonly used tests. In this paper the authors determine the effects of these biases on the commonly used Z test, F test of Anova, and χ² test for testing the equality of multinominal distributions.