Abstract
Concentrations of five toxic metals were determined in two fish species namely, Mugil cephalus and Mullus barbatus consumed in two neighboring Turkish cities during 2010–2011. Lead concentrations (mean 900 μg kg−1) for M. cephalus were found to be higher than the maximum allowances concentration (MAC) of 300 μg kg−1. Similarly, Cr (mean 410 μg kg−1), Ni (mean 331 μg kg−1) and Cu (mean 834 μg kg−1) concentrations in M. cephalus were significantly higher than in M. barbatus (mean 341 μg Cr kg−1, 256 μg Ni kg−1 and 568 μg Cu kg−1). Although concentrations of some metals exceed the limits set by the authorities, the estimated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks by the Target Hazard Quotient and target carcinogenic risk indicate that there is no carcinogenic risk for humans, and the risk of developing cancer over a human lifetime is between 2 and 12 in 1,000,000.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Copat C et al (2012) Heavy metals concentrations in fish from Sicily(Mediterranean Sea)and evaluation of possible health risks to consumers. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88:78–83
EC (European Commission) (2004) Working Group of Specialized Experts in the fields of Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity. Nickel. Summary Record. European Chemicals Bureau
EC (European Commission) (2006) Commission Regulation EC 1881/2006, setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, Off J Euro Union, L364
Flora SJS (2002) Lead exposure: health effects, prevention and treatment. J Environ Biol 23(1):25–41
IARC (2006) International agency for research on cancer, inorganic and organic lead compounds. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 87:1
Kaya G, Yaman M (2008) Online preconcentration for the determination of Pb, Cd and Cu by STAT-FAAS. Talanta 75:1127–1133
Kumru S et al (2003) Comparison of Serum copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium levels in preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women. Biol Trace Element Res 94(2):105–112
Ozen OA et al (2002) Testicular Zn, Cu and Fe concentrations in male rats exposed to sub-acute and subchronic formaldehyde gas inhalation. J Trace Elements Med Biol 16:119–122
Rahman MS et al (2012) Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chem 134:1847–1854
Rowbotham AL et al (2000) Chromium in the environment: an evaluation of exposure of the UK general population and possible adverse health effects. J Toxicol Environ Health-Part B-Criti Rev 3(3):145–178
Schaumlöffel D (2012) Nickel species: analysis and toxic effects. J Trace Elements Med Biol 26:1–6
Schwartz J (1994) Low-level lead-exposure and children’s IQ - a metaanalysis and search for a threshold. Environ Res 65:42–55
TFC (2011) Turkish food codex. Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey, Turk Gida Kodeksi, Ankara
Trumbo P et al (2001) Dietary reference intakes: vitamins A and K, As, B, Cr, Cu, iodine, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. J Am Diet Assoc 101(3):294–301
USEPA (1997) U.S. Environmental protection agency (August 1997). Exposure Factors Handbook, EPA/600/P-95/002Fa
Waalkes MP (2000) Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. J Inorg Biochem 79:241–244
WHO/FAO/IAEA (1996) World health organization, trace elements in human nutrition and health. World Health Organization, Geneva
Yaman M (1999) Determination of cadmium and lead in human urine by STAT-FAAS after enrichment on activated carbon. J Anal At Spectrom 14:275–278
Yaman M (2005) The improvement of sensitivity in lead and cadmium determinations using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Biochem 339:1–8
Yaman M (2006) Comprehensive comparison of trace metal concentrations in cancerous and non-cancerous human tissues. Curr Med Chem 13(21):2513–2525
Yaman M, Gucer S (1995) Determination of cadmium and lead in vegetables after activated-carbon enrichment by atomic-absorption spectrometry. Analyst 120:101–105
Yaman M et al (2005) Comparison of trace metal concentrations in malign and benign human prostate. J Med Chem 48(2):630–634
Yaman M et al (2007) Comparison of trace element concentrations in cancerous and non-cancerous endometrium and over tissues. Int J Gynecol Cancer 17:220–228
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (Project number: TUBITAK 110T491). We thank Dr. Ersin Kilinc from Dicle University, for his assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yaman, M., Karaaslan, N.M. & Yaman, I.H. Seasonal Variations in Toxic Metal Levels of Two Fish Species, Mugil cephalus and Mullus barbatus and Estimation of Risk for Children. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 93, 344–349 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1342-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1342-2