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The early Cambrian Chahmir shale-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Central Iran: an example of vent-proximal SEDEX mineralization

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Abstract

The Chahmir zinc–lead deposit (1.5 Mt @ 6 % Zn + 2 % Pb) in Central Iran is one among several sedimentary-exhalative Zn–Pb deposits in the Early Cambrian Zarigan–Chahmir basin (e.g., Koushk, Darreh-Dehu, and Zarigan). The deposit is hosted by carbonaceous, fine-grained black siltstones, and shales interlayered with volcaniclastic sandstone beds. It corresponds to the upper part of the Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence (ECVSS), which was deposited on the Posht-e-Badam Block during back-arc rifting of the continental margin of Central Iran. Based on crosscutting relationships, mineralogy, and texture of sulfide mineralization, four different facies can be distinguished: stockwork (feeder zone), massive ore, bedded ore, and distal facies (exhalites with barite). Silicification, carbonatization, sericitization, and chloritization are the main wall-rock alteration styles; alteration intensity increases toward the proximal feeder zone. Fluid inclusion microthermometry was carried out on quartz associated with sulfides of the massive ore. Homogenization temperatures are in the range of 170–226 °C, and salinity is around 9 wt% NaCl eq. The size distribution of pyrite framboids of the bedded ore facies suggests anoxic to locally suboxic event for the host basin. δ34S(V-CDT) values of pyrite, sphalerite, and galena range from +10.9 to +29.8 ‰. The highest δ34S values correspond to the bedded ore (+28.6 to +29.8 ‰), and the lowest to the massive ore (+10.9 to +14.7 ‰) and the feeder zone (+11.3 and +12.1 ‰). The overall range of δ34S is consistent with a sedimentary environment where sulfide sulfur was derived from two sources. One of them was corresponding to early ore-stage sulfides in bedded ore and distal facies, consistent with bacterial reduction from coeval seawater sulfate in a closed or semiclosed basin. However, the δ34S values of late ore-stage sulfides, observed mainly in massive ore, interpreted as a hydrothermal sulfur component, leached from the lower part of the ECVSS. Sulfur isotopes, along with the sedimentological, textural, mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and geochemical characteristics of the Chahmir deposit are in agreement with a vent-proximal (Selwyn type) SEDEX ore deposit model.

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Acknowledgments

Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) of Tehran provided financial support for the research. In addition, the Serveis Científico-Tècnics de la Universitat de Barcelona and the research grant 2009SGR-00444 of the Departament d’Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació (Generalitat de Catalunya) supported sulfur isotope analyses. Also, the Instituto de Geofísica of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) supported electron microprobe analyses, which were done with the assistance of Carlos Linares. The authors thank Anguran Mining Group Co. and Mohamadi Niaei for allowing access to the deposit and their records. The first author especially thanks Prof. Don Sangster for several years of collaboration, consultation, and numerous discussions on the geology of Central Iran and genesis of SEDEX deposits. We are grateful to Dr. Lotfi for help on the deposit geology. Prof. J. Talbot is thanked for critically revising geodynamic aspects of an earlier model and Prof. Don Sangster for additional constructive comments that upgraded the manuscript. The manuscript has benefited from helpful comments by F. Tornos, G. Borg and two anonymous reviewers and careful editorial handling by B. Lehmann.

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  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-175, Iran

    Abdorrahman Rajabi & Ebrahim Rastad

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

    Abdorrahman Rajabi

  3. Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México, DF, Mexico

    Carles Canet

  4. Departament d’Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Naturals, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda Bases de Manresa 61-73, 08242, Manresa, Catalunya, Spain

    Pura Alfonso

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Rajabi, A., Rastad, E., Canet, C. et al. The early Cambrian Chahmir shale-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Central Iran: an example of vent-proximal SEDEX mineralization. Miner Deposita 50, 571–590 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0556-x

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