Skip to main content
Log in

Irreversible Elektroporation

Aktueller Stellenwert in der fokalen Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms

Irreversible electroporation

Current value for focal treatment of prostate cancer

  • Übersichten
  • Published:
Der Urologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die irreversible Elektroporation (IRE) stellt ein seit 2007 verfügbares, neuartiges Gewebeablationsverfahren dar, das mit seinen postulierten Eigenschaften, allen voran die fehlende, thermoablativ wirkende Hitzewirkung, die Anforderungen einer idealen fokalen Therapie (FT) erfüllen könnte. Bisher liegen keine ausreichenden tumorentitätsspezifischen Wirksamkeitsnachweise vor. Die klinische Anwendung beschränkt sich bislang auf sehr kleine Patientenkohorten. Dies gilt auch für das Prostatakarzinom (PCA). Trotzdem erfolgt aktuell zunehmend eine Anwendung außerhalb von Studien. Nicht zuletzt durch aktive Werbung für das Verfahren in der Laienpresse.

Ziel der Arbeit

In dieser Arbeit wird die aktuelle Diskrepanz zwischen der bisherigen klinischen Anwendung und Studienlage und der Zulassung bzw. Marktimplementierung des Verfahrens aufgezeigt und die Mediendarstellung der IRE, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die FT des PCA, aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln diskutiert. Gefolgt von einer abschließenden klinischen Bewertung der IRE mittels NanoKnife®-System.

Diskussion

Bei der Neuzulassung eines Medikaments gelten strengste Anforderungen. Der Nachweis eines Zusatznutzens zur bestehenden Therapie ist durch Vergleichsstudien nach Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) zu erbringen. Bei medizinisch-technischen Behandlungsverfahren werden solche Ansprüche durch Studien nach Medizinproduktgesetz (MPG) nicht eingefordert. Seit der Markteinführung des NanoKnife®-Systems wird die IRE-Anwendung auch außerhalb von Studien aktiv beworben. Dies hat in den letzten 2 Jahren zu einer Zunahme der unkontrollierten IRE-Behandlungen des PCA geführt. Die Patienten müssen in diesen Fällen die hohen Behandlungskosten selbst zahlen. Werben zusätzlich Laienpresseartikel mit vielversprechenden, aber ungeprüften Inhalten, werden aktuell unberechtigte Hoffnungen bei den Betroffenen geweckt. Fatal, wenn dies zur Verzögerung tatsächlich wirksamer Therapieoptionen führt.

Schlussfolgerung

Grundsätzlich besitzt die IRE auch weiterhin ein hohes Potential für die Therapie von Malignomen. Ob sie tatsächlich als FT einsetzbar ist, bleibt aufgrund fehlender Daten unklar. Dies gilt auch für die Therapie des PCA. Nur wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen mit adäquater Studiendurchführung können die bislang ungeklärten Fragen zur IRE des PCA auflösen. Die dringend benötigte Entwicklung allgemeingültiger geprüfter Behandlungsstandards für die IRE wird durch wirtschaftlich gelenkte Patientenströme unnötig erschwert.

Abstract

Background

Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a new tissue ablation procedure available since 2007, could meet the requirements for ideal focal therapy (FT) with its postulated features, especially the absence of a thermal ablative effect. Thus far, there is no adequate tumor-entity-specific proof of its effectiveness, and its clinical application has hitherto been confined to very small patient cohorts. This also holds true for prostate cancer (PCA). Nevertheless, it is now being increasingly applied outside clinical trials—to a certain extent due to active advertising in the lay press.

Aim of the study

In this study, current discrepancies between the clinical application and study situation and the approval and market implementation of the procedure are described. The media portrayal of IRE is discussed from different perspectives, particularly with reference to the FT of PCA. This is followed by a final clinical assessment of IRE using the NanoKnife® system.

Discussion

Strict requirements govern new drug approvals. According to the German Drug Act (AMG), evidence of additional benefit over existing therapy must be provided through comparative clinical trials. For medicotechnical treatment procedures, on the other hand, such trial-based proof is not required according to the Medical Devices Act (MPG). The use of IRE even outside clinical trials has been actively promoted since the NanoKnife® system was put on the market. This has led to an increase in the number of uncontrolled IRE treatments of PCA in the last 2 years. The patients have to cover the high treatment costs themselves in these cases. If articles in the lay press advertise the procedure with promising but unverified contents, false hopes are raised in those concerned. This is disastrous if it delays the use of truly effective treatment options.

Conclusion

IRE basically still has high potential for the treatment of malignancies; however, whether it can really be used for FT remains unclear due to the lack of data. This also holds true for the treatment of PCA. Only carefully conducted scientific research studies can clarify the unresolved issues regarding IRE of PCA. The urgently needed development of universally valid treatment standards for IRE is unnecessarily hampered by the flow commercially driven patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literatur

  1. Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR, Klotz L (2011) Active surveillance for prostate cancer: progress and promise. J Clin Oncol 29(27):3669–3676. doi:JCO.2011.34.9738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Schostak M, Köllermann J, Hadaschik B et al (2015) Cancer control in focus insights and future perspectives for the focal treatment of prostate cancer. Aktuelle Urol 46(1):39–44. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1396803 (PubMed PMID: 25658230)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Roosen A, Ganzer R, Hadaschik B et al (2014) Focal therapy for prostate cancer in Germany – 2014 status. Urologe A 53(7):1040–1045. doi:10.1007/s00120-014-3532-2. (PubMed PMID: 24941932)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baumunk D, Blana A, Ganzer R et al (2013) Focal prostate cancer therapy: capabilities, limitations and prospects. Urologe A 52(4):549–556. doi:10.1007/s00120-012-3002-7. (PubMed PMID: 23073701)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baumunk D, Schostak M (2015) Treatment of localized prostate cancer with high-intensity focused ultrasound. Urologe A 54(2):183–190. doi:10.1007/s00120-014-3666-2 (PubMed PMID: 25588324)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Davalos RV, Mir IL, Rubinsky B (2005) Tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation. Ann Biomed Eng 33(2):223–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Doevenspeck H (1961) Influencing cells and cell walls by electrostatic impulses. Fleischwirtschaft 13:986–987

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rubinsky B (2010) Irreversible electroporation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05420-4, ISBN: 978-3-642-05419-8 (Print) 978-3-642-05420-4 (Online)

  9. Lee EW, Wong D, Prikhodko SV et al (2012) Electron microscopic demonstration and evaluation of irreversible electroporation-induced nanopores on hepatocyte membranes. J Vasc Interv Radiol 23(1):107–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Edd JF, Horowitz L, Davalos RV et al (2006) In vivo results of a new focal tissue ablation technique: irreversible electroporation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 53(7):1409–1415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gemert MJ van, Wagstaff PG, Bruin DM de et al (2015) Irreversible electroporation: just another form of thermal therapy? Prostate 75(3):332–335. doi:10.1002/pros.22913 (PubMed PMID: 25327875; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4305196)

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Faroja M, Ahmed M, Appelbaum L et al (2013) Irreversible electroporation ablation: is all the damage nonthermal? Radiology 266(2):462–470. doi:10.1148/radiol.12120609 (PubMed PMID: 23169795)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kosiek O, Strach K, Ricke J, Pech M (2012) Irreversible electroporation – a new kid on the block? Radiologe 52(1):38–43. doi:10.1007/s00117-011-2210-2 (PubMed PMID: 22249700)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. AngioDynamics (2011) Manual NanoKnife® System Procedure & Trouble Shouting Guide. Software version 2.2.0. AngioDynamics®. AngioDynamics Inc., Hamburg, P1-159

  15. Wendler JJ, Pech M, Blaschke S et al (2012) Angiography in the isolated perfused kidney: radiological evaluation of vascular protection in tissue ablation by nonthermal irreversible electroporation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 35(2):383–390. doi:10.1007/s00270-011-0187-x (PubMed PMID: 21633883)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Choi JW, Lu DS, Osuagwu F et al (2014) Assessment of chronological effects of irreversible electroporation on hilar bile ducts in a porcine model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 37(1):224–230. doi:10.1007/s00270-013-0731-y (PubMed PMID: 24196262)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wendler JJ, Porsch M, Hühne S et al (2013) Short- and mid-term effects of irreversible electroporation on normal renal tissue: an animal model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 36(2):512–520. doi:10.1007/s00270-012-0452-7 (PubMed PMID: 22893419)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Wendler JJ, Pech M, Porsch M et al (2012) Urinary tract effects after multifocal nonthermal irreversible electroporation of the kidney: acute and chronic monitoring by magnetic resonance imaging, intravenous urography and urinary cytology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 35(4):921–926. doi:10.1007/s00270-011-0257-0 (PubMed PMID: 21870207)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kasivisvanathan V, Shah TT, Donaldson I et al (2015) Focal therapy for prostate cancer: German version. Urologe A 54(2):202–209. doi:10.1007/s00120-014-3668-0 (PubMed PMID: 25690574)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Schoellnast H, Monette S, Ezell PC et al (2013) The delayed effects of irreversible electroporation ablation on nerves. Eur Radiol 23(2):375–380. doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2610-3 (PubMed PMID: 23011210)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schoellnast H, Monette S, Ezell PC et al (2011) Acute and subacute effects of irreversible electroporation on nerves: experimental study in a pig model. Radiology 260(2):421–427. doi:10.1148/radiol.11103505. (PubMed PMID: 21642418)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Li W, Fan Q, Ji Z et al (2011) The effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on nerves. PLoS One 6(4):e18831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018831 (PubMed PMID: 21533143; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3077412)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Golberg A, Bruinsma BG, Uygun BE, Yarmush ML (2015) Tissue heterogeneity in structure and conductivity contribute to cell survival during irreversible electroporation ablation by „electric field sinks“. Sci Rep 5:8485. doi:10.1038/srep08485 (PubMed PMID: 25684630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4329566)

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ricke J, Jürgens JH, Deschamps F et al (2015) Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) fails to demonstrate efficacy in a prospective multicenter phase II trial on lung malignancies: the ALICE trial. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol (PubMed PMID: 25609208)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Liehr UB, Wendler JJ, Blaschke S et al (2012) Irreversible electroporation: the new generation of local ablation techniques for renal cell carcinoma. Urologe A 51(12):1728–1734. doi:10.1007/s00120-012-3038-8. (PubMed PMID: 23139026)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Yu Z, Zhang X, Ren P et al (2012) Therapeutic potential of irreversible electroporation in sarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 12(2):177–184. doi:10.1586/era.11.211 (PubMed PMID: 22316365)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Focus Magazin (2015) Die neue Waffe gegen Prostatakrebs. Focus Magazin 05/2015; http://www.focus.de. Zugegriffen 24.01.2015

  28. Focus Online (2014) Elektrisches Feld zerstört gezielt Prostatakrebs. Heidelberger Klinik für Prostatatherapie nutzt erstmals die irreversible Elektroporation zur schonenden Behandlung von Prostatakrebs. http://www.focus.de. Zugegriffen: 20. Jan. 2014

  29. Ärzteblatt (2015) Nutzen der irreversiblen Elektroporation bei Prostatakrebs nicht belegt. http://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/61695

  30. Wendler JJ, Porsch M, Nitschke S, Köllermann J et al (2015) A prospective Phase 2a pilot study investigating focal percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation by NanoKnife in patients with localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with delayed interval tumour resection (IRENE trial). Contemp Clin Trials (Epub ahead of print) pii: S1551-7144(15)00088-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.05.002. PubMed PMID: 25962890

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gesundheitsstadt Berlin (2015) Urologen warnen vor zu viel Optimismus. Gesundheitsstadt Berlin, http://www.gesundheitsstadt-berlin.de. Zugegriffen 10. Februar 2015

  32. DGU (20159 Ungerechtfertigte Werbung für Außenseitertherapie „IRE“ bei Prostatakrebs. DGU, Düsseldorf. http://www.krebs-nachrichten.de. Zugegriffen 4.02.2015

  33. Valerio M, Stricker PD, Ahmed HU et al (2014) Initial assessment of safety and clinical feasibility of irreversible electroporation in the focal treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 17(4):343–347. doi:10.1038/pcan.2014.33 (PubMed PMID: 25179590; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4227889)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bos W van den, Bruin DM de, Muller BG et al (2014) The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer: a multicentre prospective human in vivo pilot study protocol. BMJ Open 4(10):e006382. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006382 (PubMed PMID: 25354827; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4216863)

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Valerio M, Dickinson L, Ali A et al (2014) A prospective development study investigating focal irreversible electroporation in men with localised prostate cancer: Nanoknife Electroporation Ablation Trial (NEAT). Contemp Clin Trials 39(1):57–65. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2014.07.006 (PubMed PMID: 25072507; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4189798)

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Neal RE II, Millar JL, Kavnoudias H et al (2014) In vivo characterization and numerical simulation of prostate properties for non-thermal irreversible electroporation ablation. Prostate 74(5):458–468. doi:10.1002/pros.22760 (PubMed PMID: 24442790)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Polascik T (2014) Clinicaltrials. https://clinicaltrials.gov. North Carolina. U.S.A., study first received Oct 23, 2013; last updated June 30, 2014

  38. Neal RE II, Smith RL, Kavnoudias H et al (2013) The effects of metallic implants on electroporation therapies: feasibility of irreversible electroporation for brachytherapy salvage. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 36(6):1638–1645. doi:10.1007/s00270-013-0704-1 (PubMed PMID: 23942593)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bos W van den, Muller BG, Rosette JJ de la (2013) A randomized controlled trial on focal therapy for localized prostate carcinoma: hemiablation versus complete ablation with irreversible electroporation. J Endourol 27(3):262–264. doi:10.1089/end.2013.1568 (PubMed PMID: 23469828.; https://clinicaltrials.gov)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Korohoda W, Grys M, Madeja Z (2013) Reversible and irreversible electroporation of cell suspensions flowing through a localized DC electric field. Cell Mol Biol Lett 18(1):102–119. doi:10.2478/s11658-012-0042-3 (PubMed PMID: 23271434)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Qin Z, Jiang J, Long G et al (2013) Irreversible electroporation: an in vivo study with dorsal skin fold chamber. Ann Biomed Eng 41(3):619–629. doi:10.1007/s10439-012-0686-1 (PubMed PMID: 23180025)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Onik A, Rubinsky B (2010) Irreversible electroporation: first patient experience focal therapy of prostate cancer. Irreversible Electroporation (Book). Series in Biomedical Engineering 2010, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 235–247. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-05420-4, ISBN: 978-3-642-05419-8 (Print) 978-3-642-05420-4 (Online)

  43. Golberg A, Rubinsky B (2010) A statistical model for multidimensional irreversible electroporation cell death in tissue. Biomed Eng Online 9:13. doi:10.1186/1475-925X-9-13 (PubMed PMID: 20187951; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2839970)

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Daniels C, Rubinsky B (2009) Electrical field and temperature model of nonthermal irreversible electroporation in heterogeneous tissues. J Biomech Eng 131(7):071006. doi:10.1115/1.3156808. (PubMed PMID: 19640131)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rubinsky J, Onik G, Mikus P, Rubinsky B (2008) Optimal parameters for the destruction of prostate cancer using irreversible electroporation. J Urol 180(6):2668–2674. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.003 (PubMed PMID: 18951581)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Onik G, Mikus P, Rubinsky B (2007) Irreversible electroporation: implications for prostate ablation. Technol Cancer Res Treat 6(4):295–300 (PubMed PMID: 17668936)

  47. Phillips MA, Narayan R, Padath T, Rubinsky B (2012) Irreversible electroporation on the small intestine. Br J Cancer 106(3):490–495. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.582 (PubMed PMID: 22223084; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3273351)

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Schoellnast H, Monette S, Ezell PC et al (2013) Irreversible electroporation adjacent to the rectum: evaluation of pathological effects in a pig model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 36(1):213–220. doi:10.1007/s00270-012-0393-1 (PubMed PMID: 22562481)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Srimathveeravalli G, Wimmer T, Monette S et al (2013) Evaluation of an endorectal electrode for performing focused irreversible electroporation ablations in the Swine rectum. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24(8):1249–1256. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.04.025 (PubMed PMID: 23796856)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Månsson C, Nilsson A, Karlson BM (2014) Severe complications with irreversible electroporation of the pancreas in the presence of a metallic stent: a warning of a procedure that never should be performed. Acta Radiol Short Rep 3(11):2047981614556409. doi:10.1177/2047981614556409 (PubMed PMID: 25535573; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4271709)

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wendler JJ, Porsch M, Fischbach F et al (2015) Letter to the editor concerning „Irreversible electroporation (IRE) fails to demonstrate efficacy in a prospective multicenter phase II trial on lung malignancies: The ALICE Trial“ by Ricke et al. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol (Epub ahead of print). (doi:10.1007/s00270-014-1049-0). PubMed PMID: 25902855

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J.J. Wendler, R. Ganzer, B. Hadaschik, A. Blana, T. Henkel, K.U. Köhrmann, S. Machtens, A. Roosen, G. Salomon, L. Sentker, U. Witzsch, H.P. Schlemmer, D. Baumunk, J. Köllermann, M. Schostak und U.B. Liehr geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Consortia

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J.J. Wendler.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wendler, J., Ganzer, R., Hadaschik, B. et al. Irreversible Elektroporation. Urologe 54, 854–862 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-015-3864-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-015-3864-6

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation