Skip to main content
Log in

Das Melanom

Einführung und besondere Anforderungen für die Radiologie

Melanoma

Introduction and special demands on radiology

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Radiologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Klinisches Problem

Die Inzidenz des Melanoms stieg in den letzten Jahrzehnten drastisch an. Da die Prognose maßgeblich von der Infiltrationstiefe abhängt, ist eine frühe Diagnose für die Patienten entscheidend.

Therapeutische Standardverfahren

Basis der Therapie ist im Stadium des Primärtumors und der regionären Metastasierung die Exzision mit kurativer Intention.

Neue Therapieverfahren

Zielgerichtete Therapien wie die BRAF- und MEK-Inhibitoren haben den Vorteil einer schnellen Wirksamkeit auch bei bereits weit fortgeschrittenen Erkrankungen.

Diagnostik

Zur Routinediagnostik werden u. a. der Ultraschall, die Computertomographie (CT), die Fluordeoxyglukose(FDG)-Positronenemissionstomographie(PET)-CT sowie die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt.

Leistungsfähigkeit und Bewertung

In der Therapie der Fernmetastasierung hat es in den letzten Jahren rasante Fortschritte gegeben, die das Überleben der Patienten von ehemals 6 bis 9 Monaten im Median auf über 2 Jahre mehr als verdoppelt haben. Insbesondere bei den Immuntherapien mit Immun-Checkpoint-Blockern wie Ipilimumab und den PD-1-Antikörpern finden sich immer mehr Patienten, die ihre Erkrankung jahrelang kontrollieren können. Besondere Anforderungen an die radiologische Diagnostik ergeben sich aus dem späten Ansprechen und der Möglichkeit eines Pseudoprogresses, die das Anwenden anderer Responsekriterien notwendig machen. Zudem können Autoimmunphänomene Metastasen vortäuschen. Bei BRAF-Inhibitoren findet man durch das sehr schnelle Ansprechen oft zystische Umwandlungen von Metastasen, die dann ebenfalls eine Bewertung jenseits der Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST), z. B. mit den adaptierten Choi-Kriterien erfordern kann.

Empfehlung für die Praxis

Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit, Anwendung funktioneller Verfahren und adaptierter Responsekriterien wie den „immune-related“ Response Criteria.

Abstract

Clinical issue

The incidence of melanoma has rapidly increased in the last decades. Most relevant for patient prognosis is the tumor thickness, hence an early diagnosis is crucial.

Standard treatment

The basis of treatment is at the primary tumor stage and excision of regional metastases with curative intention.

Treatment innovations

Targeted therapies, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors have the advantage of a rapid response even in highly advanced stages of the disease.

Diagnostic work-up

For routine diagnostics ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography CT (FDG-PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used.

Performance and achievements

In the treatment of distant metastases new treatment options are available which more than doubled patient survival rates. Especially immune therapies with immune checkpoint blockers, such as ipilimumab or PD-1 antibodies can lead to long-term survival of patients. In contrast to chemotherapy these new substances have characteristics which make new demands on radiologists related to the possibility of pseudoprogression in immune therapies, which make it necessary to use other response criteria. In addition, autoimmune phenomena, such as a sarcoid-like reactions may mimic new metastases and should be included in the differential diagnosis. BRAF inhibitors may lead to cystic conversions of metastases which again require an evaluation beyond the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), e.g. with the adapted Choi criteria.

Practical recommendations

Close interdisciplinary communication, functional imaging methods and adapted response criteria, such as the immune-related response criteria will optimize radiological evaluations of melanoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. http://www.rki.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Krebsarten/Melanom/melanom_inhalt.html. Zugegriffen: 26. Okt. 2014

  2. S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge des Melanoms“. Version 1.1. – Februar 2013, AWMF Register-Nummer 032-024OL

  3. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al (2001) Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 19:3622–3634

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ et al (2009) Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 27:6199–6206

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Breitbart EW, Waldmann A, Nolte S et al (2012) Systematic skin cancer screening in Northern Germany. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:201–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Carvajal RD, Antonescur CR, Wolchok JD et al (2011) KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma. JAMA 305:2327–2334

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C et al (2011) Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 364:2507–2516

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C et al (2002) Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417:949–954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Eckert A, Schoeffler A, Dalle S et al (2009) Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody induced sarcoidosis in a metastatic melanoma patient. Dermatology 218:69–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Flaherty KT, Puzanov I, Kim KB et al (2010) Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:809–819

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Flaherty KT, Infante JR, Daud A et al (2012) Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med 367:1694–1703

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Garbe C, Büttner P, Weiss J et al (1994) Associated factors in the prevalence of more than 50 common melanocytic nevi, atypical melanocytic nevi, and actinic lentigines: multicenter case-control study of the central malignant melanoma registry of the German dermatological society. J Invest Dermatol 102:700–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM (2011) Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up. J Clin Oncol 29:257–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Guo J, Si L, Kong Y et al (2011) Phase II open-label single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification. J Clin Oncol 29:2904–2909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV et al (2012) Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380:358–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:711–723

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lederman JS, Sober AJ (1985) Does biopsy type influence survival in clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma? J Am Acad Dermatol 13:983–987

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ott PA, Hodi FS, Robert C (2013) CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: new immunotherapeutic modalities with durale clinical benefit in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 19:5300–5309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B, Economou JS et al (2009) Intratumoral immune cell infiltrates, FoxP3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in patients with melanoma undergoing CTLA4 blockade. Clin Cancer Res 15:390–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sachpekidis C, Larribere L, Pan L et al (2014) Predictive value of early 18F-FDG PET/CT studies for treatment response evaluation to ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma: preliminary results of an ongoing study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (Epub ahead of print)

  21. Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C et al (2013) Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in metastatic or locally advanced, unresectable melanoma. Eur J Cancer 49(Suppl 3)

  22. Uhrig M, Hassel JC, Schlemmer HP, Ganten MK (2013) Therapy response assessment in metastatic melanoma patients treated with a BRAF inhibitor: adapted Choi criteria can reflect early therapy response better than does RECIST. Acad Radiol 20:423–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Sucker A et al (2014) The genetic landscape of clinical resistance to RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Discov 4:94–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Vogel WV, Guislain A, Kvistborg P et al (2012) Ipilimumab-induced sarcoidosis in a patient with metastatic melanoma undergoing complete remission. J Clin Oncol 30:e7–e10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wheatley K, Ives N, Hancock B et al (2003) Does adjuvant interferon-alpha for high-risk melanoma provide a worthwhile benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat Rev 29:241–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S et al (2009) Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res 15:7412–7420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J.C. Hassel und M. Schiller geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J.C. Hassel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schiller, M., Hassel, J. Das Melanom. Radiologe 55, 93–98 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2758-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2758-8

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation