Zusammenfassung
Klinisches Problem
Die Inzidenz des Melanoms stieg in den letzten Jahrzehnten drastisch an. Da die Prognose maßgeblich von der Infiltrationstiefe abhängt, ist eine frühe Diagnose für die Patienten entscheidend.
Therapeutische Standardverfahren
Basis der Therapie ist im Stadium des Primärtumors und der regionären Metastasierung die Exzision mit kurativer Intention.
Neue Therapieverfahren
Zielgerichtete Therapien wie die BRAF- und MEK-Inhibitoren haben den Vorteil einer schnellen Wirksamkeit auch bei bereits weit fortgeschrittenen Erkrankungen.
Diagnostik
Zur Routinediagnostik werden u. a. der Ultraschall, die Computertomographie (CT), die Fluordeoxyglukose(FDG)-Positronenemissionstomographie(PET)-CT sowie die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) eingesetzt.
Leistungsfähigkeit und Bewertung
In der Therapie der Fernmetastasierung hat es in den letzten Jahren rasante Fortschritte gegeben, die das Überleben der Patienten von ehemals 6 bis 9 Monaten im Median auf über 2 Jahre mehr als verdoppelt haben. Insbesondere bei den Immuntherapien mit Immun-Checkpoint-Blockern wie Ipilimumab und den PD-1-Antikörpern finden sich immer mehr Patienten, die ihre Erkrankung jahrelang kontrollieren können. Besondere Anforderungen an die radiologische Diagnostik ergeben sich aus dem späten Ansprechen und der Möglichkeit eines Pseudoprogresses, die das Anwenden anderer Responsekriterien notwendig machen. Zudem können Autoimmunphänomene Metastasen vortäuschen. Bei BRAF-Inhibitoren findet man durch das sehr schnelle Ansprechen oft zystische Umwandlungen von Metastasen, die dann ebenfalls eine Bewertung jenseits der Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST), z. B. mit den adaptierten Choi-Kriterien erfordern kann.
Empfehlung für die Praxis
Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit, Anwendung funktioneller Verfahren und adaptierter Responsekriterien wie den „immune-related“ Response Criteria.
Abstract
Clinical issue
The incidence of melanoma has rapidly increased in the last decades. Most relevant for patient prognosis is the tumor thickness, hence an early diagnosis is crucial.
Standard treatment
The basis of treatment is at the primary tumor stage and excision of regional metastases with curative intention.
Treatment innovations
Targeted therapies, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors have the advantage of a rapid response even in highly advanced stages of the disease.
Diagnostic work-up
For routine diagnostics ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography CT (FDG-PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used.
Performance and achievements
In the treatment of distant metastases new treatment options are available which more than doubled patient survival rates. Especially immune therapies with immune checkpoint blockers, such as ipilimumab or PD-1 antibodies can lead to long-term survival of patients. In contrast to chemotherapy these new substances have characteristics which make new demands on radiologists related to the possibility of pseudoprogression in immune therapies, which make it necessary to use other response criteria. In addition, autoimmune phenomena, such as a sarcoid-like reactions may mimic new metastases and should be included in the differential diagnosis. BRAF inhibitors may lead to cystic conversions of metastases which again require an evaluation beyond the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), e.g. with the adapted Choi criteria.
Practical recommendations
Close interdisciplinary communication, functional imaging methods and adapted response criteria, such as the immune-related response criteria will optimize radiological evaluations of melanoma.
Literatur
http://www.rki.de/Krebs/DE/Content/Krebsarten/Melanom/melanom_inhalt.html. Zugegriffen: 26. Okt. 2014
S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge des Melanoms“. Version 1.1. – Februar 2013, AWMF Register-Nummer 032-024OL
Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al (2001) Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 19:3622–3634
Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ et al (2009) Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 27:6199–6206
Breitbart EW, Waldmann A, Nolte S et al (2012) Systematic skin cancer screening in Northern Germany. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:201–211
Carvajal RD, Antonescur CR, Wolchok JD et al (2011) KIT as a therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma. JAMA 305:2327–2334
Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C et al (2011) Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 364:2507–2516
Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C et al (2002) Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417:949–954
Eckert A, Schoeffler A, Dalle S et al (2009) Anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody induced sarcoidosis in a metastatic melanoma patient. Dermatology 218:69–70
Flaherty KT, Puzanov I, Kim KB et al (2010) Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:809–819
Flaherty KT, Infante JR, Daud A et al (2012) Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. N Engl J Med 367:1694–1703
Garbe C, Büttner P, Weiss J et al (1994) Associated factors in the prevalence of more than 50 common melanocytic nevi, atypical melanocytic nevi, and actinic lentigines: multicenter case-control study of the central malignant melanoma registry of the German dermatological society. J Invest Dermatol 102:700–705
Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM (2011) Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up. J Clin Oncol 29:257–263
Guo J, Si L, Kong Y et al (2011) Phase II open-label single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification. J Clin Oncol 29:2904–2909
Hauschild A, Grob JJ, Demidov LV et al (2012) Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380:358–365
Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:711–723
Lederman JS, Sober AJ (1985) Does biopsy type influence survival in clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma? J Am Acad Dermatol 13:983–987
Ott PA, Hodi FS, Robert C (2013) CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: new immunotherapeutic modalities with durale clinical benefit in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 19:5300–5309
Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B, Economou JS et al (2009) Intratumoral immune cell infiltrates, FoxP3, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in patients with melanoma undergoing CTLA4 blockade. Clin Cancer Res 15:390–399
Sachpekidis C, Larribere L, Pan L et al (2014) Predictive value of early 18F-FDG PET/CT studies for treatment response evaluation to ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma: preliminary results of an ongoing study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (Epub ahead of print)
Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C et al (2013) Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in metastatic or locally advanced, unresectable melanoma. Eur J Cancer 49(Suppl 3)
Uhrig M, Hassel JC, Schlemmer HP, Ganten MK (2013) Therapy response assessment in metastatic melanoma patients treated with a BRAF inhibitor: adapted Choi criteria can reflect early therapy response better than does RECIST. Acad Radiol 20:423–429
Van Allen EM, Wagle N, Sucker A et al (2014) The genetic landscape of clinical resistance to RAF inhibition in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Discov 4:94–109
Vogel WV, Guislain A, Kvistborg P et al (2012) Ipilimumab-induced sarcoidosis in a patient with metastatic melanoma undergoing complete remission. J Clin Oncol 30:e7–e10
Wheatley K, Ives N, Hancock B et al (2003) Does adjuvant interferon-alpha for high-risk melanoma provide a worthwhile benefit? A meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Cancer Treat Rev 29:241–252
Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S et al (2009) Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res 15:7412–7420
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. J.C. Hassel und M. Schiller geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schiller, M., Hassel, J. Das Melanom. Radiologe 55, 93–98 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2758-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-014-2758-8