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Spezialisierte neurologische neurochirurgische Intensivmedizin

Specialized neurological neurosurgical intensive care medicine

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Zusammenfassung

In Deutschland ist die spezialisierte neurologische neurochirurgische Intensivmedizin (NIM) eine der fünf großen Säulen innerhalb der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) und stellt die am schnellsten wachsende Sparte dar. Qualitativ hochwertige Studien auf dem Boden einer belastbaren Evidenzlage betonen zudem den technischen Fortschritt, die zeitrelevante Optimierung der therapeutischen Abläufe und die interdisziplinäre Behandlung der kritisch kranken Patienten. Im Zuge dieser Entwicklungen werden immer wieder Fragen aufgeworfen: ob eine NIM eigenständig oder besser multidisziplinär eingebettet sein sollte, ob Behandlungsunterschiede und ein möglicher Einfluss der NIM auf das klinische Ergebnis bestehen und ob in der heutigen Zeit eine NIM-Station kosteneffektiv geführt werden kann. Das häufigste Krankheitsbild auf diesen Stationen stellt der Schlaganfall dar, welcher nicht nur eine der häufigsten Todesursachen in Deutschland ist, sondern auch zu einer immensen sozioökonomischen Last aufgrund der hohen Anzahl an langzeitpflegebedürftigen Patienten führt. Im Mittelpunkt der neurointensivmedizinischen Behandlung stehen die Überwachung der strukturellen und funktionellen Integrität des Zentralnervensystems und die Vermeidung sekundärer Hirnschäden. Allerdings sind hier der klinischen Beurteilbarkeit dieser schwer betroffenen, analgosedierten und beatmeten Patienten Grenzen gesetzt, sodass ein Schwerpunkt auf dem Monitoring und dem frühzeitigen Erkennen relevanter sekundärer Schädigungsmechanismen liegt. Notwendig ist nicht nur die ärztliche Expertise im Rahmen einer multimodalen Behandlungsstrategie, sondern ebenso eine intensive Zusammenarbeit eines spezifisch geschulten Teams aus Pflegekräften, technischen Assistenten und medizinischen Therapeuten. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit widmet sich im Wesentlichen den genannten Fragen und versucht, diese anhand der aktuellen Datenlage zu beantworten.

Abstract

In Germany dedicated neurological-neurosurgical critical care (NCC) is the fastest growing specialty and one of the five big disciplines integrated within the German critical care society (Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin; DIVI). High-quality investigations based on resilient evidence have underlined the need for technical advances, timely optimization of therapeutic procedures, and multidisciplinary team-work to treat those critically ill patients. This evolution has repeatedly raised questions, whether NCC-units should be run independently or better be incorporated within multidisciplinary critical care units, whether treatment variations exist that impact clinical outcome, and whether nowadays NCC-units can operate cost-efficiently? Stroke is the most frequent disease entity treated on NCC-units, one of the most common causes of death in Germany leading to a great socio-economic burden due to long-term disabled patients. The main aim of NCC employs surveillance of structural and functional integrity of the central nervous system as well as the avoidance of secondary brain damage. However, clinical evaluation of these severely injured commonly sedated and mechanically ventilated patients is challenging and highlights the importance of neuromonitoring to detect secondary damaging mechanisms. This multimodal strategy not only requires medical expertise but also enforces the need for specialized teams consisting of qualified nurses, technical assistants and medical therapists. The present article reviews most recent data and tries to answer the aforementioned questions.

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Correspondence to J. B. Kuramatsu.

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J. B. Kuramatsu, H. B. Huttner und S. Schwab geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Kuramatsu, J.B., Huttner, H.B. & Schwab, S. Spezialisierte neurologische neurochirurgische Intensivmedizin . Nervenarzt 87, 583–591 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-016-0129-6

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