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Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Heilung von Defektwunden

Physiology and pathophysiology of wound healing of wound defects

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Zusammenfassung

Die sekundäre Wundheilung von akuten Defektwunden wird allgemein als die Abfolge von Entzündung, Proliferation und Vernarbung beschrieben. Dieser klinischen Einteilung liegt auf zellulärer und molekularbiologischer Basis ein komplexes Geschehen von Aktion, Reaktion und Interaktion zwischen Zellen und Mediatoren zugrunde, das sich sequentiell und simultan in einem vorgegebenen Raum abspielt. Dies wird in dem vorliegenden Artikel veranschaulicht, um daraus die Pathophysiologie der chronischen Wundheilungsstörung abzuleiten. Hier führt die Dominanz von entzündungsfördernden Faktoren zum Sistieren der Wundheilung. Die wichtigsten extrinsischen und intrinsischen Störfaktoren werden definiert und auf die zellulären Vorgänge in der nicht heilenden Wunde bezogen. Aus dem Verständnis der normalen und gestörten Wundheilung leitet sich die rationale Basis für die Therapie ab, die letztlich das Ziel hat, die Ausgewogenheit von zellvermitteltem Abbau, Aufbau und Umbau der sekundär heilenden Wunde bis zur Vernarbung oder zur chirurgischen Defektdeckung zu gewährleisten.

Abstract

Understanding wound healing involves more than simply stating that there are the three phases of inflammation, proliferation and maturation. Wound healing is a complex series of actions, reactions and interactions among cells and mediators in a sequential and simultaneously ongoing temporal process within a spatial frame. At first this article will attempt to provide a concise summary of the events, cellular components and main influential mediators of wound healing over time. Secondly, the pathophysiology of chronic non-healing wounds is described where an imbalance of stimulating and inhibiting factors causes failure of healing. The most relevant extrinsic and intrinsic determinants are described and related to the cellular and molecular level of disturbed wound healing. A basic understanding of wound healing is a prerequisite for any prophylactic or therapeutic maneuver to maintain or re-establish wound equilibrium to give a satisfactory healing trajectory.

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Abbreviations

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

IGF:

 Insulin like growth factor

IL-1:

 Interleukin 1

IL-6:

 Interleukin 6

KGF:

 Keratinocyte growth factor

MMP:

 Matrix-Metallo-Proteinasen

PDGF:

 Platelet derived growth factor

TGF-Beta:

 Transforming growth factor family β

TNF-Alpha:

 Tumor necrosis factor α

VEGF:

 Vascular endothelial growth factor

TIMP:

 Tissue inhibitors of metallo-proteinases

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Mutschler, W. Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Heilung von Defektwunden. Unfallchirurg 115, 767–773 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-012-2208-x

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