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Resistenz bei Pilzen

Resistant fungi

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Zusammenfassung

Besonders im Bereich der Hämatoonkologie und Intensivmedizin ist mit dem Auftreten von Infektionen durch resistente Pilze zu rechnen. Dabei ist hervorzuheben, dass die Resistenzbildung bei Pilzen weniger dynamisch als bei Bakterien verläuft, aber trotzdem wichtige therapeutische Konsequenzen haben kann. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Resistenzen im Bereich der Spross- und Fadenpilze dargestellt und diskutiert (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, die Ordnung Mucorales und Gattung Fusarium). Während bei Sprosspilzen eine Resistenztestung aufgrund vorliegender Blutkulturen meist problemlos durchführbar ist, ist eine entsprechende Testung und Therapieanpassung bei Fadenpilzen nur selten möglich, da der kulturelle Nachweis eher die Ausnahme darstellt und die meisten Therapien empirisch auf Basis eines typischen Computertomographie(CT)-Befunds eingeleitet werden. Das Therapieansprechen wird dann klinisch sowie durch weitere CT-Kontrollen verfolgt. Bei fehlendem Ansprechen oder Auftreten eines pilztypischen Befunds unter einer antimykotischen Prophylaxe ist eine offene oder durch bildgebende Verfahren gesteuerte Biopsie dringend empfohlen, um die Therapie entsprechend dem Erregernachweis und ggf. einer Resistenztestung anpassen zu können. In Einzelfällen, insbesondere bei Vorliegen einer Mucormykose, kann auch eine Resektion des Infektionsherds sinnvoll sein.

Abstract

Particularly in the area of hematology/oncology and intensive care medicine, infections due to resistant fungi are to be expected. Emergence of resistance in fungi is a less dynamic process than in bacteria; it can, however, have an equally important impact on treatment strategies. In the following article, the most important resistance patterns of yeasts and molds (Candida albicans , Aspergillus fumigatus, the order Mucorales and the genus Fusarium) will be presented and discussed. Their diagnosis mostly being based on blood cultures, resistance testing for yeasts is usually readily available. Culture-based therapeutic adjustments in mold infections are, however, only rarely possible, as most antifungal therapies for these infections are initiated on an empirical basis after identification of typical infiltrates on a CT scan. Response to therapy is then evaluated on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms in combination with follow-up CT scans. In case of therapeutic failure or appearance of suspicious infiltrates under antifungal prophylaxis, an open or CT-guided biopsy is recommended to allow efficient adaptation of antifungal treatment. In individual cases, particularly in patients diagnosed with mucormycosis, resection of the focus of infection may be necessary to achieve a satisfactory treatment response.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. M.J.G.T. Vehreschild hat Vortragshonorare von Pfizer, Merck/MSD, Gilead Sciences und Astellas Pharma, Forschungsgelder von 3M, Da Volterra, Gilead Sciences und Astellas Pharma sowie Beratungshonorare von Astellas Pharma, Merck/MSD, Berlin Chemie und Da Volterra erhalten. O.A. Cornely hat Vortragshonorare von Astellas, Basilea, Gilead, Merck/MSD und Pfizer, Forschungsgelder von 3M, Actelion, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, Gilead, GSK, Merck/MSD, Miltenyi, Pfizer, Quintiles und Viropharma sowie Beratungshonorare von Astellas, Basilea, Cidara, Da Volterra, Daiichi Sankyo, F2G, Genentech, Gilead, Merck/MSD, Merck Serono, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Summit, Vical und Vifor erhalten.

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Vehreschild, M., Cornely, O. Resistenz bei Pilzen. Internist 56, 1271–1276 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-015-3704-1

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