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Lichen ruber planus

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Lichen ruber planus

Better understanding, better treatment!

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Zusammenfassung

Der Lichen ruber, auch Lichen ruber planus oder Lichen planus (LP) genannt, ist eine nichtkontagiöse Hauterkrankung entzündlicher Genese. Er ist der Hauptvertreter sowie Namensgeber der Gruppe der lichenoiden Erkrankungen, die durch kleine Papeln gekennzeichnet sind, die oft von starkem Juckreiz begleitet werden. Mit 65 % der Fälle ist der LP v. a. eine Erkrankung der Schleimhäute. In 20 % der Fälle findet sich die Erkrankung an Haut und Schleimhäuten, ein alleiniger Befall der Haut ist in nur etwa 10 % der Fälle zu sehen. Der kutane LP hat eine sehr günstige 1‑Jahres-Prognose mit fast 80 % Abheilungen im Unterschied zur Schleimhaut und den Adnexen. Histologisch sind den lichenoiden Erkrankungen durch Apoptose vakuolig untergehende Keratinozyten unter Hinterlassung von Kaminokörperchen und das charakteristische bandförmige lymphozytäre Infiltrat an der dermatoepithelialen Junktionszone gemeinsam. Oberflächlich „macht die Epidermis zu“, d. h. die Hornschicht ist fest und kompakt und das Stratum granulosum prominent als Korrelat des Wickham-Phänomens. Die molekulare, noch teilhypothetische Interpretation dieser Erkrankung ist, dass Triggerfaktoren zur Präsentation von Eigen- oder Fremdantigenen führen. Die ausgelöste Entzündung verselbstständigt sich im Sinne einer klassischen zellulär vermittelten Autoimmunerkrankung. Nicht selten assoziieren sich mit dem LP andere Autoimmunerkrankungen. Therapeutisch dominieren klassische antiinflammatorisch immunsuppressive Konzepte, wobei die systemischen Retinoide in der höchsten Evidenzklasse für den LP der Haut rangieren mit Einschränkungen beim Einsatz in der Therapie des LP an Schleimhaut und Adnexen. In jüngerer Zeit wurden interessante und neue komplementärmedizinisch-phytotherapeutisch orientierte Ansätze herausgearbeitet.

Abstract

Lichen ruber, also called lichen ruber planus or lichen planus (LP), is a noncontagious inflammatory skin disease. LP is the main representative and namesake of the group of lichenoid diseases, which are characterized by small papules often accompanied by severe itching. With 65% of cases, LP is primarily a disease of the mucous membranes. In 20% of the cases, the disease is found on the skin and mucous membranes; skin involvement alone is seen in only about 10% of cases. Cutaneous LP has a very favorable 1‑year prognosis of almost 80% healing as opposed to the mucosa and the adnexal organs. Histologically, keratinocytes with vacuolar degeneration, leaving behind apoptotic Kamino bodies and the characteristic band-shaped lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermatoepithelial junction, are common to lichenoid diseases. The horny layer is firm and compact and the stratum granulosum is thickened as a correlate of the Wickham stripes. The molecular pathogenesis, still partially hypothetical, assumes trigger factors leading to the presentation of intrinsic or foreign antigens. The triggered inflammation becomes independent in the sense of a classical cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases are often associated with LP. Classical anti-inflammatory–immunosuppressive therapeutic concepts dominate with systemic retinoids ranking first in the highest evidence class for cutaneous LP with limitations in treatment of both mucosal and adnexal LP. More recently, interesting and new complementary phototherapeutics have been identified.

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Correspondence to L. Schilling.

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L. Schilling und T. Vogt geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren. Alle Patienten, die über Bildmaterial oder anderweitige Angaben innerhalb des Manuskripts zu identifizieren sind, haben hierzu ihre schriftliche Einwilligung gegeben. Im Falle von nicht mündigen Patienten liegt die Einwilligung eines Erziehungsberechtigten oder des gesetzlich bestellten Betreuers vor.

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Schilling, L., Vogt, T. Lichen ruber planus. Hautarzt 69, 100–108 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-4115-0

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