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Lateral cephalometric standards of Germans with normal occlusion from 6 to 17 years of age

Laterale kephalometrische Referenzwerte von Deutschen mit regelrechter Okklusion im Alter von 6 bis 17 Jahren

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze sagittal and vertical dentofacial dimensions in subjects with normal occlusions during the juvenile and adolescents age periods to establish age- and gender-specific lateral cephalometric standard values for Germans during their active growth period. The study group consisted of a sample of 32 untreated subjects with normal occlusions. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed at 11 consecutive stages, from 6–13 and from 15–17 years of age. A customized cephalometric analysis was used to measure 53 variables. Statistical comparisons of gender-specific differences were performed by means of Mann–Whitney U tests.

Anterior and posterior cranial base lengths, midfacial length as well as mandibular length were recorded to be significantly larger in male subjects at the age of 6 years. For most of the linear measurements, significantly larger craniofacial distances were recorded in males from the age of 15 years onward. There were no statistically significant gender differences with regard to most angular measurements at subsequent age groups. Soft tissue analysis revealed flatter profiles in females than in males from the age of 10–11 years onward, while age-dependent changes in the soft tissue profile were similar in both genders.

In untreated subjects with normal occlusion craniofacial development of the hard and soft tissues can be considered age- and gender-dependent. Therefore age- and gender-specific differences of linear craniofacial distances should be taken into account for diagnosis and treatment planning in children and adolescents. The present results can be used as reference values for children and adolescents of German origin.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Analyse der sagittalen und vertikalen dentofazialen Dimensionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit regelrechter Okklusion. Bereitgestellt werden sollten alters- und geschlechtsspezifische kephalometrische Referenzwerte für deutsche Kinder während ihres Wachstums. Das Untersuchungskollektiv bestand aus einer Gruppe von 32 unbehandelten Probanden mit regelrechter Okklusion, deren Fernröntgenseitenbilder zu 11 aufeinanderfolgenden Zeitpunkten im Alter von 6 bis 13 und 15 bis 17 Jahren analysiert wurden. Eine individuelle kephalometrische Analyse wurde verwendet, um 53 Variablen zu vermessen. Zur Ermittlung geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede wurden Mann-Whitney-U-Tests durchgeführt.

Die vordere und die hintere Schädelbasis sowie die Mittelgesichts- und die Unterkieferlänge waren bei den männlichen Probanden im Alter von 6 Jahren signifikant größer. Die meisten der metrischen Werte ergaben bei den Knaben ab 15 Jahren signifikant höhere Werte als bei den Mädchen. Die Mehrheit der gemessenen Winkel war geschlechtsunspezifisch. Das Weichteilprofil war bei den weiblichen Probanden von 11 Jahren an signifikant flacher als bei den Knaben. Die altersspezifischen Veränderungen im Weichteilprofil waren bei beiden Geschlechtern ähnlich.

Bei unbehandelten Probanden mit regelrechter Okklusion ist die kraniofaziale Entwicklung der skeletalen Strukturen und der Weichteilstrukturen als altersabhängig und geschlechtsspezifisch anzusehen. Deshalb sollten alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede für die linearen kraniofazialen Parameter in der Diagnostik und Behandlungsplanung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen berücksichtigt werden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse können dafür als Richtwerte für Kinder und Jugendliche mit deutscher Abstammung verwendet werden.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Max-Kade Foundation, the German Society of Orthodontics, and by the Thomas M. and Doris Graber Endowed Professorship of the University of Michigan.

Acknowledgment

For help with statistical data analysis we would like to thank Kathy Welch from the Center for Statistical Consultation and Research at the University of Michigan, and Prof. Dr. Guenther Kundt from Center of Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Gerontology at the University of Rostock.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.

Funding

Diese Arbeit wurde von der Max-Kade-Stiftung, der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädie und der Thomas-M.-und-Doris-Graber-Stiftungsprofessur der Universität Michigan unterstützt.

Danksagung

Für die Unterstützung bei der statistischen Datenanalyse möchten wir uns bei Kathy Welch vom Center for Statistical Consultation and Research der Universität Michigan und bei Prof. Dr. Günther Kundt vom Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Altersforschung der Universität Rostock bedanken.

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt für sich und seine Koautoren an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, University Dental School, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany

    F. Stahl de Castrillon, R. Grabowski & U. Klink-Heckmann

  2. Department of Orthodontics, The University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    T. Baccetti & L. Franchi

  3. Thomas M. Graber Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    T. Baccetti & L. Franchi

  4. Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, and Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    J.A. McNamara

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  1. F. Stahl de Castrillon
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  3. L. Franchi
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  4. R. Grabowski
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  5. U. Klink-Heckmann
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Correspondence to F. Stahl de Castrillon.

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Stahl de Castrillon, F., Baccetti, T., Franchi, L. et al. Lateral cephalometric standards of Germans with normal occlusion from 6 to 17 years of age. J Orofac Orthop 74, 236–256 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-013-0140-5

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