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Divergent selection in low and high elevation populations of a perennial herb in the Swiss Alps

  • Vegetation in cold environments under climate change
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Abstract

Mountain plant species with wide elevational ranges are expected to be exposed to different selection pressures at low and high elevation. Estimating the extent of genetic population differentiation contributes to our understanding of selective forces shaping phenotypic variation of plants in response to changing climate conditions. Using a common garden experiment, we measured narrow-sense heritability (h 2) and quantitative trait differentiation (Q ST) in several growth-related, reproductive and phenological traits among low and high elevation populations of the semi-dry grassland species Ranunculus bulbosus from the Swiss Alps. Q ST values were compared to neutral genetic differentiation (F ST) based on AFLP markers and indicated divergent selection in most traits among all populations as well as among low and high elevation populations separately. Furthermore, pairwise Q ST and F ST estimates were not correlated suggesting that neutral marker differentiation is not a valuable proxy for quantitative trait differentiation. Neutral molecular differentiation increased with geographical distance whereas quantitative genetic differentiation did not follow an isolation by distance pattern. Plant traits did mostly not differ among low and high populations and pairwise Q ST–F ST comparisons indicated no divergent selection between the two elevations. Differing levels of trait differentiation in low and high elevation populations, however, indicated that different selective forces acted on plants at contrasting elevations suggesting that selection regimes might alter under climate warming.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Sarah Burg, Constanze Conradin, Reinhard Frei, Ernest Hennig, Denise Kurth, Tamara Lebrecht, Jörg Leuenberger, Marianne Leuzinger, Monika Macsai, Philippe Matter, Annemarie Nazarek, and Marco Urech who helped collecting seeds, setting up the common garden, measuring and harvesting plants. We also thank all municipalities and farmers for the permission to work on their land. We thank Young Jin Chun and Bob O’Hara for statistical advice as well as Eva S. Frei, Martin Heggli and Irène Till-Bottraud for stimulating discussions and critical comments on the manuscript. We also thank the editor J. Stöcklin as well as J.F. Scheepens and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on the manuscript. The AFLP fragment length readings were done in the Genetic Diversity Centre of ETH Zurich. The study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (project no. 3100AO-116277) to J.G. and A.R.P., the Competence Center Environment and Sustainability (CCES) BioChange (http://www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/clench/BioChange) to J.G. and the Basler Stiftung für biologische Forschung to E.R.F.

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  1. Esther R. Frei

    Present address: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland

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  1. Ecosystem Management, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    Esther R. Frei, Thomas Hahn, Jaboury Ghazoul & Andrea R. Pluess

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Frei, E.R., Hahn, T., Ghazoul, J. et al. Divergent selection in low and high elevation populations of a perennial herb in the Swiss Alps. Alp Botany 124, 131–142 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-014-0131-1

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