Conclusions
The preceding review points out the progress that is being made in studies at Andhra University. It reveals that the secrets of the sea are many and varied.
It is probably apparent from these studies that an interrelation exists between the various fields of oceanography. For example, it is not possible to discuss plankton population or beach erosion without reference to currents and waves. All are interrelated. Consequently, the solution of the many unsolved problems must be a cooperating-team approach, whereby experts in one field work jointly with experts in another. This has been accomplished at Andhra University, as evidenced by the progress made on the many problems.
This summary also points out how interesting and thought-provoking the problems of the sea can be. The Bay of Bengal is literally a gold mine of intriguing problems for an unlimited number of future students in oceanography.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sewell, R. B. Seymour .. “The oceans around India. An Outline of Field Science in India,”Indian Science Congress, 1937, 17–41.
Anonymous .. “Flood damage and flood control activities in Asia and the far east,”Flood Control Series No. 1, Bureau of Flood Control, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, United Nations, Bangkok, 1950.
Dietz, R. S... “Possible deep-sea turbidity-current channels in the Indian Ocean,”Bull. Geol. Soc. An., March 1953,64, 375–76.
Kiilerich, A. .. “The Ganges Submarine Canyon,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1957,2 (in press).
Kukkuteswara Rao and La Fond, E. C., “The profile of the continental shelf off Visakhapatnam Coast,” ibid., 1954,1, 78–85.
Sewell, R. B. Seymour.. “Geographic and Oceanographic research in Indian Waters,”Mem. of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1925,9 (2), 27–50.
Mahadevan, C. and Poornachandra Rao, M. “Study of ocean floor sediments off the east Coast of India,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 1–35.
Mahadevan, C. .. “Some recent results on oceanographic research at Andhra University,” 1955 (in Press).
Poornachandra Rao, M. .. “Some aspects of marine geology in the Waltair parts of Bay of Bengal,”Doctorate Thesis, Andhra University, 1954.
Mahadevan, C. and Poornachandra Rao, M. “Studies on the ocean bottom samples from the Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean,”Proceedings of XX International Geologica-Congress, Mexico City, 1956 (in Press).
Poornachandra Rao, M. and Mahadevan, C. “The collections on the continental shelf off the Visakhapatnam area. A.I.O.P.,”Proc. Verb., 1955, No. 6, 292–93.
Mahadevan, C. and Aswathanarayana, U. “Radioactivity of sea floor sediments off the east coast of India,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 36–50.
Borreswara Rao, C. and LaFond, E. C. “Sand sorting on the east coast beaches,”Curr. Sci., 1956,25, 77–78.
Rao, B. S. R. and Bhimasankaram, V. L. S. “Magnet metrical tracing of the heavy mineral concentrates of the Visakhapatnam Beach,”Indian Minerals, 1956,9 (4), 305–08.
LaFond, E. C. and Borreswara Rao, C. “Deposition and sorting of heavy mineral sands on the east coast beaches of India”Proceedings of XX International Geological Congress, Mexico City, 1956 (in Press).
————— and Prasada Rao, R. “On the erosion of the beach at Uppada,”The Port Engineer, 1956,5 (2), 2–9.
—————.. “Beach erosion cycles near Waltair on the Bay of Bengal,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 63–77.
Prasada Rao, R... “Further studies of sand movement across Waltair Beach,”Curr. Sci., 1954,23, 48–49.
LaFond, E. C. and Prasada Rao, R. “Beach erosion cycles near Waltair on the Bay of Bengal,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 63–77.
----- “On the swatch and backwash,”Oceanography of Bay of Bengal, Central Board of Physics, May 1956, pp. 18–19.
Bhavanarayana, P. .. “Foam on the sea,”ibid., Calcutta, May 1956, p. 17.
Satyanarayana Rao, T. S. .. “Studies of the penetration of light in the Bay of Bengal, Part 1. Transparency of the waters on the east coast of India and its significance,” 1957 (in Press).
LaFond, E. C. and Sastry, J. S. “Turbidity of waters off the east coast of India,”Indian Jour Met. and Geoph. (in Press).
Sewell, R. B. Seymour..Memoirs of th4e Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1929,9 (5 and 6), 207–423.
LaFond, E. C. .. “Seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature and salinity along the east coast of India,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog.,2 (in Press).
Ganapati, P. N. and Murty, V. S. R. “Salinity and temperature variations of the surface waters off the Visakhapatnam coast,” Ibid., 1954,1, 125–41.
LaFond, E. C... “On upwelling and sinking off the east coast of India,” ibid., 1954,1, 117–21.
Ganapati, P. N., LaFond, E. C. and Bhavanarayana, P. V. “On the vertical distribution of chemical constituents in the shelf waters off Waltair,”Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1956,44 B (2), 68–72.
Bhavanarayana, P. V. and LaFond, E. C. “On the replenishment of some plant nutrients during the upwelling period on the east coast off India,”Indian Jour. Fish., 1957,4 (1), 75–79.
Ganapati, P. N. and Satyanarayana Rao, T. S. “Distribution of the Chætognatha in the Waters off Visakhapatnam Coast,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 143–50.
—— and Rama Mohan Rao, V. “Studies of plankton copepods. 1. Seasonal fluctuations in the distribution with reference to salinity and temperature,” ibid., 1954,1, 151–62.
Sastry, A. N. .. “The littoral bottom fauna on the Coromandal Coast,”Oceanography of Bay of Bengal, Central Board of Geophysics, Calcutta, May 1956, p. 25.
Ganapati, P. N., Lakshmana Rao, M. V. and Nagabhushanam, R. “A preliminary account of the fouling organisms of the Visakha, patnam Harbour area” (in Press).
LaFond, E. C... “On upwelling and fisheries,”Curr. Sci., August 1955,24, 258–59.
Panikkar, N. K. .. “Annual Report of the Chief Research Officer, 1953,”Indian Jour. Fish., 1953, 377.
Ganapati, P. N. and Satyanarayana Rao, T. S. “The scope of fisheries in the Bay of Bengal,”Indian Science Congress Abst., 1956.
Anonymous ..Indian Ocean, Oceanographic and Meteorological Data, Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Institut No. 135, 2nd Ed., 1952.
LaFond, E. C. .. “Sea surface density at four stations along the east coast,Indian Jour. of Met. and Geoph. (in Press).
—————.. “Environmental factors affecting the vertical temperature structure of the upper layers of the sea,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 94–101.
—————.. “Bathythermograms—an oceanographic tool,”Curr. Sci., 1956,25 (9), 40–41.
-- and Borreswara Rao, C. “Vertical temperature structure of the upper layers of the sea off the east coast of India,”Defence Science Organization Publication No. 4/55, 1955, 1–89.
LaFond, E. C. .. “On the circulation of the surface layers off the east coast of India,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog.,2 (in Press).
Poornachandra Rao, C. .. “Meteorological factors affecting sea temperature and salinity off Waltair,”Curr. Sci. (in Press).
LaFond, E. C. and Bhavanarayana, P. V. “On a thermal feature of bottom water during upwelling on the east coast of India,”Indian Jour. of Met. and Geoph., 1956 (in Press).
Prasada Rao, R. and LaFond, E. C. “Changes in sea-level at Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India,”Andhra Univ. Mem. in Oceanog., 1954,1, 86–93.
LaFond, E. C. and Poornachandra Rao, C. “Vertical oscillations of tidal periods in the temperature structure of the sea,” ibid., 1954,1, 109–16.
—— and Borreswara Rao, C. “Rotary currents in the Bay of Bengal,” ibid., 1954,1, 102–08.
Additional information
Communicated by Sir C. V. Raman
The author was Visiting Professor of Oceanography at Andhra University during 1952–53 and 1955–56. His services were made available through the U.S. Educational Exchange Program (Fulbright). He is currently Head of the Physical Oceanography Section of the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, California.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
LaFond, E.C. Oceanographic studies in the Bay of Bengal. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 46, 1–46 (1957). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03052445
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03052445