Summary
The pollen-grain division in the Orchids is either (a) asynchronous or (b) synchronous within the tetrad or (c) synchronous within and between tetrads. Where synchronization occurs, deficient pollen grains survive, their division taking place at the same time as that of their partners.
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Barber, H.N. The pollen-grain division in the Orchidaceae. Journ. of Genetics 43, 97–103 (1942). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982748
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982748