Abstract
For aggregated time series unit root tests are routinely applied to choose among trend and difference stationary models. Recent work demonstrates that such test can also be applied for testing panel data. However, it is well known that disaggregated data often exhibit a considerable amount of heterogeneity so that standard tests may perform poorly. To account for the heterogeneity in the data we allow for individual specific deterministics, that is, we let the time trends vary across the cross section units. It is shown that standard GMM estimators suggested for the dynamic panel data model may fail to give a valid test procedure. To overcome this difficulty, a modified GMM estimator is suggested. In a Monte Carlo study the finite sample properties of the alternative tests are compared.
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Breitung, J. Testing for unit roots in panel data using a GMM approach. Statistical Papers 38, 253–269 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02925268
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02925268