Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature about use of solvents for extraction of oilseeds is presented. Mention has been found of over 70 solvents. Currently, hexane is the major solvent in use, but recent price increases and safety, environmental and health concerns, have generated interest in alternatives. Solvents vary considerably in chemical and physical properties which affect their performance in oil extraction. The choice of solvent depends upon the primary end product desired (oil or meal). Recent research on alternative solvents has focused on ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, aqueous acetone, and hexane/acetone/water mixtures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beckel, A.C., Oil Soap 21:264 (1944).
Eldrige, A.C., JAOCS 46:458A (1969).
Hron, R.J., S.P. Koltun and A.V. Graci, Ibid. 59:674A (1982).
Sekine, T., and Y. Hasegawa, Solvent Extraction Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1977.
Donald, M.B., Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 15:77 (1937).
Schwartzberg, M.G., Chem. Eng. Prog. 76(11):67 (1980).
Osburn, J.O., and D.L. Katz, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 40:511 (1944).
King, C.O., D.L. Katz and J.C. Brier, Ibid. 40:532 (1944).
Cofield, E.P., Chem. Eng. 58(1):127 (1951).
Coats, H.B., and G. Karnofsky, JAOCS 27:51 (1950).
Othmer, D.F., and J.C. Agarwal, Chem. Eng. Prog. 51:372 (1955).
Othmer, D.F., and W.A. Jaatinen, Ind. Eng. Chem. 51:543 (1959).
Good, R.D., Oil Mill Gaz. 75(3):14 (1970).
Becker, W., JAOCS 55:754 (1978).
Karnofsky, G., Ibid. 26:564 (1949).
Becker, K.W., Oil Mill Gaz. 84(9):20 (1980).
Bernardini, E., JAOCS 53:275 (1976).
Price, J.A., Proc. Conf. on Cottonseed Prod. Conc., USDA, ARS 72-38: 185 (1965).
Jordan, O., The Technology of Solvents, Leonard Hill Ltd., London, 1937, pp. 94–95.
Skau, E.L., and R.E. Boucher, JAOCS 58:460 (1954).
Boucher, R.E., and E.L. Skau, Solubility Charts for Homologous Long Chain Organic Compounds—A Comprehensive Graphical Correlation of Literature Data for 138 Systems Involving 11 Homologous Series and 17 Solvents, USDA, ARS 72-1 (1974).
Skau, E.L., and A.V. Bailey, J. Phys. Chem. 63:2047 (1959).
Bailey, A.V., J.A. Harris and E.L. Skau, JAOCS 46:583 (1969).
Skau, E.L., Ibid. 47:233 (1970).
Wingard, M.R., and R.C. Phillips, Ibid. 28:149 (1951).
Goldblatt, L.A., JAOCS 48:605 (1971).
Parker, W.A., and D. Melnick, Ibid. 43:635 (1966).
Anon., Ibid. 54:202A (1977).
Bonotto, M., Oil Soap 14:30 (1937).
Hildebrandt, O.K., Fette Seifen 46:350 (1939).
MacGee, E.A., Oil Soap 14:322 (1937).
Bonotto, M., Ibid. 14:30 (1937).
MacGee, E.A., Oil Mill Gaz. 52(2):17 (1947).
Meyerweiseflog, W.E., Oil Soap 14:10 (1937).
Olsen, K.S., Oil Mill Gaz. 85(5):20 (1980).
Goss, W.H., JAOCS 29:253 (1952).
Sweeney, O.R., and L.K. Arnold, Ibid. 26:697 (1949).
Duncan, I.J., Ibid. 25:277 (1948).
Arnold, L.K.., Ibid. 30:216 (1953).
McCracken, W.L., Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 19:47 (1944).
Stockman, S., J. Comp. Path. Therap. 29:95 (1916).
Stang, Die Landu. Versuchsstat. Bd. 105:179 (1927).
Hanson, L.E., W.R. Pritchard, C.E. Rehfeld, V. Perman, J.M. Sautter and M.O. Schultz, J. Anim. Sci. 15:368 (1956).
Picken, J.C., N.L. Jacobson, R.S. Allen, M.E. Biester, P.C. Bennett, L.L. McKinney and J.C. Cowan, Agric. Food Chem. 3:420 (1955).
McKinney, L.L., F.B. Weakley, L.E. Campbell, A.C. Eldridge, J.C. Picken and N.L. Jacobson, JAOCS 34:461 (1957).
Seto, T.A., M.O. Schutze, V. Perman, F.W. Bates and J.M. Saulter, Agric. Food Chem. 6:49 (1958).
Sato, M., and C. Ito, U.S. Patent 1,892,366 (1932).
Goss, W.M., Soybean Dig. 1(8):4 (1941).
Beckel, A.C., P.A. Belter and A.K. Smith, JAOCS 25:7 (1948).
Magne, F.C., and E.L. Skau, Ibid. 30:288 (1953).
Rao, R.K., M.G. Krishna, S.M. Zaheer and L.K. Arnold, Ibid. 32:420 (1955).
Rao, R.K., and L.K. Arnold, Ibid. 33:82 (1956).
Rao, R.K., and L.K. Arnold, Ibid. 33:389 (1956).
Beckel, A.C., P.A. Belter and A.K. Smith, Ibid. 25:10 (1948).
Beckel, A.C., and A.K. Smith, Food Ind. 21:616 (1944).
Doolittle, A.K., The Technology of Solvents and Plasticizers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1954.
Melan, I., Source Book of Industrial Solvents, vols. 1–3, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York, NY, 1959.
Durrans, T.M., Solvents, 7th edn., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ, 1957.
Price, J.A., Literature Study of Solvents for Fish Extraction, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Dept. of Interior, Contract No. 14-17-0007-224, Sept. 22 (1964).
West, R.C., (editor) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th edn., Chemical Rubber Pub. Co., Cleveland, OH, 1975.
Wendholz, M., (editor), The Merck Index, 9th edn., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 1976.
Mellan, I., Industrial Solvents Handbook, 2nd edn., Noyes Data Co., Park Ridge, NJ, 1977.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes for 1981, ACGIH, Cincinnatti, OH, 1981.
MacGee, A.E., Oil Mill Gaz. 53(2):13 (1948).
Darling, E.R., and W.E.C. Lelland, U.S. Patent 2,606,916 (1952).
Sugarman, N., U.S. Patent 2,762,820 (1956).
Hagenmaier, R., C.M. Cater and K.F. Mattil, JAOCS 49:178 (1972).
Hagenmaier, R., Ibid. 51:470 (1974).
Cater, C.M., K.C. Rhee, R.D. Hagenmaier and K.F. Mattil, Ibid. 51:137 (1974).
Lawhon, J.T., L.J. Manak, K.C. Rhee and E.W. Lusas, J. Food Sci. 46:912 (1981).
Lawhon, J.T., L.J. Manak, K.C. Rhee and E.W. Lusas, Ibid. 46:391 (1981).
MacGee, A.E., Oil Mill Gaz. 67(11):22 (1963).
Rosenthal, M., U.S. Patent 1,849,886 (1932).
Rosenthal, M., and M.P. Trevithick, Oil Soap 11:133 (1934).
Rosenthal, M., U.S. Patent 2,254,245 (1941).
MacGee, A.E., JAOCS 26:176 (1949).
MacGee, A.E., Oil Soap 14:324 (1937).
Goss, W.H., Ibid. 23:348 (1946).
Ayers, A.L., and J.J. Dooley, JAOCS 25:372 (1948).
Arnold, L.K., and R.B.R. Choudhury, Ibid. 37:458 (1960).
Ayers, A.L., and C.R. Scott, Ibid 28:351 (1951).
Crawford, C.C., U.S. Patent 2,596,010 (1952).
Temple, S., JAOCS 53:32 (1976).
Arnold, L.K., Ibid. 30:81 (1953).
Temple, S., Ibid. 53:32 (1976).
Kaufman, H.P., and M.O. Vom Orde, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm. 57:399 (1955).
Valle-Riestra, J.F., Food Tech. 28(2):25 (1974).
Arnold, L.K., Iowa Acad. Sci. 51:309 (1944).
Arnold, L.K., and L.J. Breuklander, Ibid. 57:157 (1950).
Shoemaker, L.W., JAOCS 58:197 (1981).
Cherry, J.P., and M.S. Gray, J. Food Sci. 46:1726 (1981).
Gray, M.S., and J.P. Cherry, U.S. Patent 4,279,811 (1981).
Wan, P., and K.C. Rhee, Unpublished data (1978).
Johnson, L.A., and J.T. Farnsworth, Unpublished data (1980).
Bebrens, J., Br. Patent 265,212 (1938).
Singer, P.A., and H.J. Deobald, U.S. Patent 2,377,975 (1945).
Singer, P.A., and H.J. Deobald, U.S. Patent 2,377,976 (1945).
Arnold, L.K., and R.B.R. Choudbury, JAOCS 39:379 (1962).
Harris, W.D., and J.W. Hayward, Solvent Extraction of Cottonseed Oil and Isopropanol, Bulletin of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, series 5, vol. 6, no. 9, 1950.
Beckel, A.C., and J.C. Cowan and P.A. Belter, U.S. Patent 2,524,037 (1950).
Beckel, A.C., and P.A. Belter, U.S. Patent 2,460,117 (1949).
Beckel, A.C., and J.C. Cowan, U.S. Patent 2,584,108 (1952).
Beckel, A.C., P.A. Belter and A.K. Smith, U.S. Patent 2,445, 931 (1948).
Beckel, A.C., P.A. Belter and H.J. Deobald, U.S. Patent 2,505,749 (1950).
Rao, R.K., and L.K. Arnold, JAOCS 35:277 (1958).
Harris, W.D., F.F. Bishop, C.M. Lyman and R. Helpert, Ibid. 24:370 (1947).
Harris, W.D., J.W. Hayward and R.A. Lamb, Ibid. 26:719 (1949).
Harris, W.D., and J.W. Hayward, Ibid. 27:273 (1950).
Rao, R.K., and L.K. Arnold, Ibid. 34:401 (1957).
Boocock, J.R.B., and R.W. Oughton, U.S. Patent 4,053,492 (1977).
Sullivan, D.A., M.F. Campbell, M.F. Conway and F.N. Grimsby, Oil Mill Gaz. 86(10):24 (1982).
Aguilera, J.M., Alcohol-Based Processes for Oilseeds Extraction, Paper presented at 42nd Annual Meeting of IFT, Las Vegas, NV, June 1982.
Rayner, E.T., F.G. Dollear and L.P. Codifer, JAOCS 47:26 (1970).
Rayner, E.T., and F.G. Dollear, Ibid. 45:622 (1968).
Rayner, E.T., S.P. Koltun and F.G. Dollear, Ibid. 54:242A (1977).
Aguilera, J.M., and A. Trier, Food Tech. 32(8):70 (1978).
Blaicher, F.M., R. Note and K.D. Mukherjee, JAOCS 58:761 (1981).
Smith, A.K., and S.J. Circle, Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology, AVI Pub. Co., Westport, CN, 1972, pp. 151.
O’Hara, J.B., and A.E. Shoepfer, U.S. Patent 3,207,744 (1965).
Belter, P.A., A.K. Smith, H.J. Deobald and P.A. Singer, U.S. Patent 2,635,094 (1953).
Cavanagh, G.C., U.S. Patent 3,295,985 (1967).
Steinkrause, K.M., U.S. Patent 3,721,569 (1973).
Pass, D.W., U.S. Patent 3,897,574 (1975).
Belter, P.A., A.C. Beckel and A.K. Smith, Ind. Eng. Chem. 36:799 (1944).
Teeter, H.M., L.E. Gast, E.W. Ball, W.J. Schneider and J.C. Cowan, JAOCS 32:390 (1955).
Mustakas, G.C., L.D. Kirk and E.L. Griffin, Ibid. 38:473 (1961).
Eldridge, A.C., W.J. Wolf, A.M. Nash and A.K. Smith, J. Agric. Food Chem. 11:328 (1963).
Eldridge, A.C., and A.M. Nash, U.S. Patent 3,218,307 (1965).
Cegla, G.F., W.W. Meinke and K.F. Mattil, J. Food Sci. 42:816 (1977).
Baker, E.C., G.C. Mustakas and K.A. Warner, J. Agric. Food Chem. 27:969 (1979).
Srinivasan, K.S., G.S. Rao and B.H. Subba Rao, J. Food Sci. Tech. 16:192 (1979).
Youn, K.C., and D.J. Wilpers, U.S. Patent 4,298,540 (1981).
Karnofsky, G.B., U.S. Patent 4,144,229 (1979).
Karnofsky, G.B., U.S. Patent 4,219,470 (1980).
Karnofsky, G., Oil Mill Gaz. 85(10):34 (1981).
Freeman, S.E., U.S. Patent 2,200,390 (1940).
Eaves, P.H., L.J. Molaison, C.L. Black, A.J. Crovette and E.L. D’Aquin, JAOCS 29:88 (1952).
Young, C.G., and H.R. Sallans, Ibid. 32:397 (1955).
Pons, W.A., and P.H. Eaves, Ibid. 44:460 (1967).
Pons, W.A., and P.H. Eaves, U.S. Patent 3,557,168 (1971).
Dollear, F.G., G.E. Mann, L.P. Codifer, H.K. Gardner, S.P. Koltun and H.L.E. Vix, JAOCS 45:862 (1968).
Gardner, H.K., S.P. Koltun and H.L.E. Vix, Agric. Food Chem. 16:770 (1968).
Pons, W.A., A.F. Cucullu, L.S. Lee, J.A. Robertson, A.O. Franz, and L.A. Goldblatt, JAOCS 49:54 (1966)
Vaccarino, C., Ibid. 38:143 (1961).
Cavanagh, G.C., U.S. Patent 3,295,985 (1967).
Cavanagh, G.C., and R.A. Couche, U.S. Patent 3,408,374 (1968).
Schultz, A.S., and C.N. Frey, Canadian Patent 378,122 (1938).
Renner, H.O., U.S. Patent 2,524,991 (1950).
Greenberg, J.D., J. Taylor, H.W. Bond and J.F. Sherman, J. Agric. Food Chem. 7:573 (1959).
Schultz, W.G., T.M. Schultz, R.A. Carlson and J.S. Hudson, Food Tech. 28(6):32 (1974).
Stahl, E., E. Shutz and H.K. Mangold, J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:1153 (1980).
Friedrich, J.P., G.R. List and A.J. Heakin, JAOCS 59:288 (1982).
Bollman, H., U.S. Patent 1,260,656 (1918).
Rewald, B., U.S. Patent 1,917,734 (1933).
Measamer, S.G., Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 17:100 (1942).
Gastrock, E.A., E.L. D’Aquin, E.J. Keating, V. Krishnamoorthi and H.L.E. Vix, Cereal Sci. Today 10:572 (1965).
Dollear, F.G., and H.K. Gardner, Proc. 4th Natl. Peanut Res. Conf., Tifton, GA, July 1966, pp. 72–81.
Goldblatt, L.A., in Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs, edited by G.N. Wogan, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965, p. 261.
Lawhon, J.T., and H.S. Rao, JAOCS 43:49 (1966).
Jacks, T.J., L.Y. Yatsu and T.P. Hensarling, Ibid. 47:222 (1970).
King, W.H., and V.L. Frampton, Ibid. 38:497 (1961).
Frampton, V.L., and A.B. Pepperman, Ibid. 44:455 (1967).
King, W., J.C. Kuck and V.L. Frampton, Ibid. 38:19 (1961).
Frampton, V.L., Oil Mill Gaz. 66(2):33 (1961).
Vix, H.L.E., H.P. Dupuy and M.G. Lambou, Conf. on Protein-Rich Food Products from Oilseeds, New Orleans, LA, May 1969, USDA, ARS 72-71, p. 62.
Fore, S.P., and H.P. Dupuy, J. Gas Chromatogr. 6:522 (1968).
Pearce, T.J.P., J.M. Peacock, F. Aylward and D.R. Haisman, Chem. Ind. 1562 (1967).
Aylward, F., G. Coleman and D.R. Haisman, Ibid. 1563 (1967).
Goldblatt, L.A., and J.A. Robertson, U.S. Patent 3,515,736 (1970).
Robertson, J.A., L.S. Lee, A.F. Cuculla, and L.A. Goldblatt, JAOCS 42:467 (1965).
Frampton, V.L., A.B. Pepperman, J. Simmons, and W.H. King, J. Agric. Food Chem. 15:790 (1967).
Decossas, Kim, L.J. Molaison, V.L. Frampton, T.T. Yamada and H. Hall, Cereal Sci. Today 15:168 (1970).
Ayers, A.L., and C.R. Scott, JAOCS 29:213 (1952).
Youngquist, R.W., U.S. Patent 3,998,800 (1976).
Eldridge, A.C., J.E. Kalbrener, H.A. Moser, D.H. Honig, J.J. Rackis and W.J. Wolf, Cereal Chem. 48:640 (1971).
Rackis, J.J., P.H. Honig, D.J. Sessa, and F.R. Steggerda, J. Agric. Food Chem. 18:977 (1970).
Honig, D.M., K. Warner and J.J. Rackis, J. Food Sci. 41:642 (1976).
Johnson, L.A., J.T. Farnsworth, R.J. Garland and E.W. Lusas, Peanut Sci. 6:43 (1979).
Vorster, L.J., Rev. Fr. Corps Gras. 13:7 (1966).
Hutchins, R.P., U.S. Patent 2,484,831 (1949).
Liu, F., S.Y. Jon and L.Y. Jung, JAOCS 58:93A (1981).
Hayes, L.P., U.S. Patent 3,878,232 (1975).
Hensarling, T.P., T.J. Jacks and L.Y. Yatsu, JAOCS 51:166 (1974).
Hensarling, T.P., T.J. Jacks and L.Y. Yatsu, U.S. Patent 3,941,764 (1976).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Johnson, L.A., Lusas, E.W. Comparison of alternative solvents for oils extraction. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60, 229–242 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02543490
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02543490